Genetically calcium indicator

Mank M, Griesbeck O (2008) Genetically encoded calcium indicators. Chem Rev 108 1550-1564... 

Heim N, Griesbeck O. Genetically encoded indicators of cellular calcium dynamics based on troponin C and green fluorescent protein. J. Biol. Chem. 2004 279 14280-14286. 

Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) include a series of new ultrasensitive protein calcium sensors (GCaMP6) that outperformed other sensors in cultured neurons and in zebra-fish, flies, and mice in vivo with improved signal-to-noise ratio and different kinetics [30]. 

Muto A, Ohkura M, Kotani T et al (2011) Genetic visualization with an improved GCaMP calcium indicator reveals spatiotempo-ral activation of the spinal motor neurons in... 

ICA -17043 is a novel inhibitor of the Gardos channel (a calcium-dependent potassium channel). This drug is indicated for the treatment of a hematologic genetic disease (sickle cell disease) (Phase 11) (Figure 8.88). 

Genetic effects of theophylline are not well known. Theophylline suppresses phosphodiesterase and cyclic AMP activity, and increases calcium transport in animals (SEDA-4, 25), suggesting a potential for teratogenicity. An increased rate of sister chromatid exchange rate, an indication of mutagenicity, has also been reported (SEDA-17,1). 

Approximately 10% of the human population (with regional differences indicating both genetic and environmental factors [33]) is affected by the formation of stones or calculi in the urinary tract. Urolithiasis is not only a painful condition, but also causes annual costs to the health system in the order of billions of dollars in the USA alone [34, 35]. Based on their composition, structure and location in the urinary tract, renal stones have been classified into 11 groups and their formation mechanisms have been discussed together with alterations in urinary parameters and metabolic risk factors for renal lithiasis [35]. Approximately 70% of these stones contain calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and dihydrate as major components, while other calculi are composed of ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite), calcium phosphates (hydroxyapatite and brushite), uric acid and urates, cystine and xanthine. An accurate knowledge of the solubilities of these substances is necessary to understand the cause of renal or bladder calculi formation and find ways towards its prevention and treatment [36]. 

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