Genetic reservoir

The OECD (1997) addresses biodiversity in agriculture and proposes to consider both domesticated and wild species. The diversity of varieties of crops and livestock breeds, the breadth of the genetic base and the state and trend in the genetic reservoir are the suggested indicators to measure biodiversity on domesticated species. Besides focusing on the number and population of wildlife species, key indicator wildlife species which are representative for certain habitats or are endangered or threatened respectively can be used (OECD 1997). 

Kuo JT, Wang YY, Lung WS (2006) A hybrid neural-genetic algorithm for reservoir water quality management. Water Res 40 1367-1376... 

Byrn RA, Kiesshng AA (1998) Analysis of human immunodeficiency virus in semen indications of a genetically distinct virus reservoir. J Reprod Immunol 41(1-2) 161-176 Carr JM, Hocking H, Li P, Burrell CJ (1999) Rapid and efficient celL-to-ceU transmission of human immunodeficiency vims infection from monocyte-derived macrophages to peripheral blood lymphocytes. Virology 265(2) 319-329... 

Lamb, T., J.W. Bickman, J.W. Gibbons, M.J. Smolen, and S. McDowell. 1991. Genetic damage in apopulation of slider turtles (Trachemys scripta) inhabiting a radioactive reservoir. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 20 138-142. 

Choy et al. have also intercalated biological macromolecules such as DNA, ATP and nucleosides into Mg/Al-NOs LDHs [189,190,194,195], where the host lattice may protect relatively delicate biomolecules from degradation and also aid their transport to specific targets within the body, and hence the intercalation reactions lead to the formation of novel bioinorganic nanohybrids with potential practical significance, such as new DNA reservoirs or carriers for the delivery of genetic material to cells [189]. 

Most of the coenzymes are esters of phosphoric or pyrophosphoric acid. The main reservoirs of biochemical energy, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), creatine phosphate, and phosphoenolpyruvate are phosphates. Many intermediary metabolites are phosphate esters, and phosphates or pyrophosphates are essential intermediates in biochemical syntheses and degradations. The genetic materials DNA and RNA are phosphodiesters. 

The alternative explanation for the phenomenon is that bacterial communities respond physiologically to changes in DOM inputs rather than by replacing populations. Bacteria obviously have some capacity to physiologically adapt, but their reservoir of genetic information is limited, and fundamental parameters such as uptake rates and substrate affinities are determined by cell size and enzyme structure, which may be difficult to modulate. Microcosm studies suggest that changes in productivity and enzyme kinetics measured 24-48 h after DOM amendment are associated with displacements in community composition as measured by DNA comparison techniques (see Chapter 14). 

The two complementary strands of DNA provide a stable reservoir for genetic information, which must be preserved over the entire lifetime of the organism. Either of the strands, by itself, has all of the genetic information. Therefore, if one strand is damaged, perhaps by random hydrolysis, the information to repair the damage is still present in the complementary strand. For example, suppose a G and a T were lost from the piece of DNA represented by the following schematic structure. When a repair enzyme encounters this damage, the C and A of the complementary strand ensure that the correct bases are inserted in the repair process. 

---