Genetic modification, definitions

Transformation In plant cell culture, the introduction and stable genomic integration of foreign DNA into a plant cell by any means, resulting in a genetic modification. This definition is the traditional microbiological definition. For animal cell culture, see In vitro transformation , In vitro neoplastic transformation and Transfection . 

With some specific exceptions, research and the development of genetically engineered animals has proven to be less straightforward than the genetic modification of plants and certainly more ethically problematic. In addition, although the public definitely shows some resistance to the idea of introducing genetically modified plants into the human... 

The clinical impact of dose-modification based on a genetic test needs to be prospectively assessed both in terms of toxicity and efficacy retrospective association analyses cannot by definition provide either an optimally safe or optimally efficacious dose in test-positive individuals. 

The processes of prepropolypeptide synthesis, translocation, proteolytic processing and non-proteolytic modification can be enzymatically defined. These definitions are continuing to be developed and clarified. There are limited reports on insect neuropeptide processing (101.102. but these investigations should increase rapidly with the identification of precursor sequences via molecular genetics. The identification of processing enzymes, both proteolytic and non-proteolytic, will further open whole new areas for exploration. 

Natural products have significant value. By definition, they are biologically compatible and relevant to cellular systems. Many are structurally rigid, making them inherently stable. They exhibit extremely broad chemical diversity. The number of natural products available is limited only by the ability to extract, purify and identify them. They clearly have a proven track record for provi ng novel pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and medicines. For commercialisation purposes, their production is possible by fermentation and cultivation. With the advances made in molecular genetics, the modification of natural products is now possible via genetic, rather than strictly chemical, routes. 

A crucial question is whether the eukaryotic genome is fully described by Winkler s definition (as proposed, often only implicitly, in all current textbooks of Molecular or Cell Biology, Genetics, Evolution), and by its subsequent modifications, or whether it is more than the sum of its parts. This dilemma may also be phrased differently, whether the component parts of the genome are endowed with simple additive properties, or with cooperative properties. 

Simple Definition. The primary structure of a protein is dictated by its genetic code. All the proteins from the genome constitute the proteome. After translation, the proteome is covalently modified by a variety of small molecules of exogenous or endogenous origin, and also by other proteins or peptides. The event is defined as the protein posttranslational modification. ... 

We customarily define a group by the characters which its living members possess in common. But in many cases we snspect, and in certain case we know, that part or all of these characters were not present in the ancestral forms. How, then, may we define such a group May we not make our definition in terms of common trends, saying in effect that all these have basically similar genetic constitution and hence are liable to the similar modification (1949 116)... 

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