Gene-alter mutation operator

Pair up the individuals in the mating pool and generate A(> /r) new-born offspring individuals using the operators of recombination and mutation. In this study, each chromosome consists of three portions. For the first portion of the chromosome, discrete recombination operators, repeated exchange mutation operators, and evolutionary inversion mutation operators are employed. For the second portion of the chromosome, traditional gene-alter mutation operators and traditional discrete recombination operators are developed. For the third portion of the chromosome, exchange mutation operators and traditional discrete recombination operators are developed. 

For the second portion of the chromosome, the traditional gene-alter mutation operator (Bmke and Kendall, 1999) was adopted. For instance, if an offspring... 

Negative Regulation Describe the probable effects on gene expression in the lac operon of a mutation in (a) the lac operator that deletes most of 0 (b) the lad gene that inactivates the repressor and (c) the promoter that alters the region around position -10. 

Mutants have been observed for many bacterial systems (lactose, histidine, etc.) in which the levels of activity of all the enzymes of the system are increased in absence of induction. This type of mutation is likely to result froma constitutive alteration of the operator gene. 

Mutations in the regulatory genes usually produce dramatic results. A mutant repressor gene may produce a defective protein which cannot bind to the operator and would result in continued protein synthesis. Enzymes which, in normal cells, are inducible thus become constitutive. Constitutive operator mutants also occur where an altered base sequence in the DNA of the operator region results in loss of the ability to bind the normal repressor protein. 

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