General spectroscopy

Perkampus and N.R Ernsting, Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy, J. Wiley Sons, Chichester (2004). 

Nyquist, Interpreting Infrared, Raman and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra, Academic Press, San Diego, CA (2001). 

Burgess and D.G. Jones (eds.). Spectrophotometry, Luminescence and Colour Science and Compliance, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1995). 

De Loos-Vollebregt, Spectrometrische Analysetech-nieken, Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum, Houten (2004). 

Gauglitz and T. Vo-Dinh (eds), Handbook of Spectroscopy, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (2003). 

Abrams and J.W. Brault, Fourier Transform Spectrometry, Academic Press, Orlando, FL (2001). 

Kauppinen and J. Partanen, Fourier Transforms in Spectroscopy, John Wiley Sons, Ltd, Chichester (2001). 

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The original function of the atom-probe is for the chemical analysis of the atoms of one s choice. It is however possible to extend the function of the atom-probe to ion kinetic energy analysis37 and ion reaction rate measurement,38 or general spectroscopy, with the same sensitivity, as has already been described in Chapter 2. 

Often the information on NMR relaxation parameters carried by image contrast is insufficient to address a particular problem. We can then look to the rich information content of the spectrum itself. Generally, spectroscopy of the entire body is not of much value, and in vivo spectroscopy is usually carried out as localized spectroscopy, that is, over a part of the body. There are various ways of restricting the operation of the spectrometer to a particular region, and they fall into two broad classes those that depend on the physical dimensions of the rf coil and those that use field gradients in the pulse sequences. Often these approaches are combined. At this time, the use of spectroscopic examinations has not become part of the repertoire of clinical practice, despite a history of in vivo spectroscopy almost as old as MRI itself. In vivo spectroscopy has had a number of landmark successes in solving problems in metabolism research in both animals and humans, but there have been no spectroscopic applications that have been demonstrated to be more effective than other methods for the routine diagnosis of disease. 

A typical solution-state NMR spectrum of l-chloroethene is shown in Fig. 7.1. We are first shocked by 11 peaks as we expected only three, one for each hydrogen. The physicist Murray Gell-Mann said at the discovery of the subatomic particle, the quark, Who ordered this. In general, spectroscopy should yield sufficient, but not overwhelming, information. Here, we will examine the l-chloroethene spectrum and learn for ourselves if the 11 peaks are overwhelming or just what we might have ordered. A few general questions ... 

Generally spectroscopy is the study of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. The wavelength (frequency) range for various types of electromagnetic radiation is given in Fig. 4.57. 

This chapter concludes the first part of the book, which covers fundamental concepts and basic instrumentation of general spectroscopy. The se-... 

After the tests have been performed, the results are often entered into the LIMS. This is a manual process, unless a specific instrument interface has been built or purchased. Many instrument vendors now provide such interfaces, but this has been limited in spectroscopy. Results entered into LIMS are generally derived from processing raw analysis data on the instruments. There can be simple yes or no phrase results to tables of amounts of various materials. Usually these tables have to be predefined by the method that is used to perform the analysis. Interfacing efforts in spectroscopy have been limited partly by the lack of widely accepted standard spectral formats and partly by the lower demand for general spectroscopy applications in standard testing areas. 

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