Gastrointestinal function appetite

Heightened sensory perceptions Stimulates appetite Perceived slower passage of time Panic or anxiety Dissociative symptoms Physiological Effects Increases heart rate Reduces body temperature Slowed gastrointestinal function Electrophysiology... 

FIGURE 5—59. Peripheral 5HT3 and 5HT4 receptors in the gut may regulate appetite as well as other gastrointestinal functions, such as gastrointestinal motility. 

Adverse Effects. The primary side effects of azathioprine are related to suppression of bone marrow function, including leukopenia, megaloblastic anemia, and similar blood dyscrasias. Other side effects include skin rash and gastrointestinal distress (appetite loss, nausea, vomiting) hepatic dysfunction can also occur when higher doses are used. 

Appetite control is a complex function of the brain that regulates feeding behaviour. This function integrates cognitive and emotional factors with a complex array of signals from the gastrointestinal tract and from adipose tissue. 

The most frequent adverse reactions reported are sedation, followed by dizziness, weakness and unsteadiness. Less frequent adverse reactions include disorientation, depression, nausea, change in appetite, headache, sleep disturbance, agitation, dermatological symptoms including very serious reactions, eye-function disturbance, together with various gastrointestinal symptoms and autonomic manifestations. The incidence of sedation and unsteadiness increases with age. 

Brain serotonergic neurons are involved in numerous diffuse functions such as mood, sleep, appetite, and temperature regulation, as well as the perception of pain, the regulation of blood pressure, and vomiting (see Chapter 21). Serotonin also appears to be involved in clinical conditions such as depression, anxiety, and migraine. Serotonergic neurons are also found in the enteric nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract and around blood vessels. In rodents (but not in humans), serotonin is found in mast cells. 

Adverse Effects. Flucytosine may cause hepatotoxicity and may also impair bone marrow function, resulting in anemia, leukopenia, and several other blood dyscrasias.69 This drug may also produce severe gastrointestinal disturbances, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite. 

The most common side effects related to amantadine and rimantadine are minor dose-related gastrointestinal and central nervous system (CNS) complaints. These include nervousness, lightheadedness, difficulty concentrating, insomnia, and loss of appetite or nausea. CNS side effects occur in approximately 5 to 33% of patients treated with amantadine at doses of 200 mg/day, but are significantly less frequent with rimantadine. Amantadine dose reductions are required in older adults (100 mg/day) because of decreased renal function, but 20 to 40% of infirm elderly patients will experience side effects even at this lower dose. 

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