Gastric juice and

There are two main classes of proteolytic digestive enzymes (proteases), with different specificities for the amino acids forming the peptide bond to be hydrolyzed. Endopeptidases hydrolyze peptide bonds between specific amino acids throughout the molecule. They are the first enzymes to act, yielding a larger number of smaller fragments, eg, pepsin in the gastric juice and trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase secreted into the small intestine by the pancreas. Exopeptidases catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds, one at a time, fi"om the ends of polypeptides. Carboxypeptidases, secreted in the pancreatic juice, release amino acids from rhe free carboxyl terminal, and aminopeptidases, secreted by the intestinal mucosal cells, release amino acids from the amino terminal. Dipeptides, which are not substrates for exopeptidases, are hydrolyzed in the brush border of intestinal mucosal cells by dipeptidases. 

Surface area of drug (A) Particle size, wettability Surfactants in gastric juice and bile... 

J. Hovinen, R. Silvennoinen, J. Vilpo, Detoxification of an Alkylating Drug, (V,(V-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-P-aminophenylbutyric Acid (Chlorambucil), in Human Gastric Juice and Saliva , Chem. Res. Toxicol. 1998, 11, 91 - 93. 

Staphylococcus aureus is known for its ability to produce a variety of toxins and many disease syndromes. One of the most frequently observed diseases is staphylococcal tonsillitis. These bacteria are frequently present on tonsils of healthy carriers. Patients that are affected by tonsillitis swallow staphylococci hidden in tonsil crypts. However, in this case staphylococci do not cause any gastrointestinal symptoms in the host organism, even if they enter the gastrointestinal tract. The barrier of gastric juice and conditions in a small intestine inhibit the outgrowth of staphylococci and toxin production -gastroenteritis is caused solely by a toxin produced outside the host organism. 

The initial pharmacological report on penamecillin [18], while containing errors of deduction regarding the site and rate of hydrolysis of the drug, showed it to be superior to the anion with regard to stability in gastric juice and the... 

Retief, F. P., Gottlieb, C. W., Kochwa, S., Pratt, P. W., and Herbert, V., Separation of vitamin Birbinding proteins of serum, gastric juice and saliva by rapid DEAE cellulose chromatography. Blood 29, 501-516 (1967). 

Action on the CNS depends directly on the dose of administered drug, and can be manifested as fatigue, anxiety, tremors, and even convulsions in relatively high doses. Theophylline acts on the cardiovascular system by displaying positive ionotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart, which, can likely be linked to the elevated influx of calcium ions by modulated cyclic adenosine monophosphate and its action on specific cardiac phosphodiesterases. In the gastrointestinal system, methylxanthines simultaneously stimulate secretion of both gastric juice and digestive enzymes. 

In connection with the apparent lack of correlation between precise chemical properties and blood group activity it is interesting to note that Witebsky and Klendshoj found no relationship between the reducing sugar contents of their preparations from human gastric juice and the isoagglutinin activity. 

The low pH of the gastric contents (pH 1-2) may have consequences for absorption because it can dramatically affect the degree of drug ionization. For example, the weak base diazepam (pK 3.3) will be highly protonated in the gastric juice, and consequently, ab-... 

Z0258 Chang, 1. K., and S. 1. L. Park. Effects of Yukgunja-tang on secretion of gastric juice and movements of isolated stomach. Korean J Pharmacog 1984 Z0269... 

Mechanism of Action A G1 ant ispasmodic and ant ichol inergic agent that inhibits the action of acetylcholine at postganglionic (muscarinic) receptor sites. Therapeutic Effect Decreases secretions (bronchial, salivary, sweat gland) and gastric juices and reduces motility of G1 and urinary tract. 

Guerin, D., Vuillemard, J.C., Subirade, M. (2003). Protection of bifidobacteria encapsulated in polysaccharide-protein gel beads against gastric juice and bile. Journal of Food Protection, 66, 2076-2084. 

Figure 3.14 Disposition of benzoic acid and aniline in gastric juice and plasma. Figures represent proportions of ionized and nonionized forms.

To diminish vagally mediated secretion of gastric juices and slow gastric emptying in peptic ulcer... 

Sodium, potassium and chloride are the primary dietary ions that influence the electrolytic balance and acid-base status, and the proper dietary balance of sodium, potassium and chloride is necessary for growth, bone development, eggshell quality and AA utilization. Potassium is the third most abundant mineral in the body after calcium and phosphorus, and is the most abundant mineral in muscle tissue. It is involved in electrolyte balance and neuromuscular function. The content of potassium in poultry diets is usually adequate. Chloride is present in gastric juice and chlorine is part of the HC1 molecule which assists in the breakdown of feed in the proventriculus. Sodium is essential for nerve membrane stimulation and ionic transport across cell membranes. Signs of sodium, potassium or chloride deficiency include reduced appetite, poor growth, dehydration and increased mortality. 

W. Beaumont, Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion (1833), Dover Reprint, Plattsburg, NY, 1959 Oxford Historical Books, Abingdon, 1989. 

These have been found in saliva, amniotic fluid, plasma, granulocytes, platelets, milk, and gastric juice, and it was suggested by Stenman (S8) that the R-protein in these different cells and fluids is a single microhetero-... 

C3. Castle, W. B., Townsend, W. C., and Heath, C. W., Observations on the etiologic relationship of achylia gastrica to pernicious anaemia. III. The nature of the reaction between normal gastric juice and beef muscle, leading to clinical improvement and increased blood formation similar to the effect of liver feeding. Am. ]. Med. Sci. 180, 305-335 (1930). 

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