Gases, storage materials

Key words numerical reservoir modeling, simulation, underground gas storage, material balance, water influx... 

As mentioned in Section 6.4, the new materials can be derived by the combinations of diverse nodes and linkers. Creating new materials via linker replacement in the existing materials might be a good choice to develop highly efficient gas storage materials. For example, as shown in Figure 6.4,... 

Krstulovic-Opara, N. (2007) Liquefied natural gas storage material behavior of concrete at cryogenic temperatures, A Cl Materials Journal. May-June pp. 297-306. 

Figure 12.5. Combining 1,3,5-benzenetribenzoic acid and a zinc(ll) salt gives the metal-oiganic framework MOF-177 (represented by polyhedral crystals). Filling a tank w rth MOF-177 allows it to hold as much carbon dioxide gas as nine empty tanks (right). This highlights the potential importance of MOFs as gas storage materials.

All commercial carbons have been made for uses other than natural gas storage. They are for the most part granular materials and pack into vessels with a substantial inter-particle void volume which results in low bulk densities. Some... 

Currently there is an urgent need to develop hydrogen storage materials for mobile and stationary appHcations. This trend is accelerated by the hydrogen fuel cell technology that could, within the next decades, replace fossil fuel resources such as oil and gas. 

Improved characterization of the morphological/microstructural properties of porous solids, and the associated transport properties of fluids imbibed into these materials, is crucial to the development of new porous materials, such as ceramics. Of particular interest is the fabrication of so-called functionalized ceramics, which contain a pore structure tailored to a specific biomedical or industrial application (e.g., molecular filters, catalysts, gas storage cells, drug delivery devices, tissue scaffolds) [1-3]. Functionalization of ceramics can involve the use of graded or layered pore microstructure, morphology or chemical composition. 

The selection of materials for high-temperature applications is discussed by Day (1979). At low temperatures, less than 10°C, metals that are normally ductile can fail in a brittle manner. Serious disasters have occurred through the failure of welded carbon steel vessels at low temperatures. The phenomenon of brittle failure is associated with the crystalline structure of metals. Metals with a body-centred-cubic (bcc) lattice are more liable to brittle failure than those with a face-centred-cubic (fee) or hexagonal lattice. For low-temperature equipment, such as cryogenic plant and liquefied-gas storages, austenitic stainless steel (fee) or aluminium alloys (hex) should be specified see Wigley (1978). 

Combined with appropriate amorphous carbon precursors graphite intercalation compounds could be used in one-stage process of production of carbon-carbon composites, which could possess attractive properties for such applications as supercapacitors elements, sorbents as well as catalyst supports and materials for energy- and gas-storage systems. 

The tritiated version could be prepared from tritiated formic acid which we had prepared at high specific activity (2.5 Ci mmol-1) by a metal-catalyzed hydrogen-tritium exchange procedure using T2 gas. The material can be stored either as a solid or as a solution if the latter any release of tritium by back exchange can be easily monitored by 3H NMR spectroscopy. In our experience very little exchange occurs over several weeks of storage [51]. 

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