Gases observed

Boyle (1662) observed that at constant temperature the volume of a sample of gas varies inversely with pressme, but Boyle did not explain why this was so. Somewhat later. Charles (1787) refined the observation to the effect that the volume of any sample of a gas vanes directly with the absolute temperature provided thal the pressure is held constant. A few years later, Gay-Lussac (1808), in reporting the results of his experiments with reacting gases, observed that volumes of gases that are used or produced in a chemical reaction can be expressed in ratios of small whole numbers—a concept to become known as Gay-Lussac s law of combining volumes. It should be noted that tlie foregoing concepts proposed by Boyle, Charles, and Gay-Lussac were based upon experimental observations, not on theory. 

Volcanic outgassing is plausibly the major source of HCl and HF in Venus atmosphere. Thermochemical equilibrium calculations suggest that formation of chlorine- and fluorine-bearing minerals are important sinks for these two gases. Observations by Connes et al. (1967) and Bezard et al. (1990) give the same HCl and... 

To account for these compositional features of comets, Bar-Nun et al. [23] experimentally showed a relation of the relative abundances of CO, Ar, N2, and CHj trapped in ice, versus temperatures, and inferred tliat the abundances of N2 and CO in comets were inherent from the gases trapped during ice forming in die Uranus-Neptune regions [24]. Notesco et al. [25] have performed a similar analysis for CH and C2H, successfully accounting for the proportions of these two gases observed in comet Hyakutake by Mumma et al. [22]. 

The temperature dependence of ki>0/[SF6] derived from experiments at 298 K and 341 K is relatively weak and close to that observed experimentally for Cl + NO —> C1NO (ocT14)4 5 and T + NO —> INO ( T 10).17 The values of ki,o/[M] for other bath-gases, obtained by refit to available experimental data, fulfil the inequality Ne < He < Ar < N2 < C2F6 < C02 < SF6 < CF4, which describes the relative efficiencies of different bath-gases observed for termolecular reactions.252... 

Priestley s first extensive paper on gases, Observations on Different Kinds of Air , was read in March 1772, but additions were made to it until November. On 30 November 1773 he was awarded a Copley Medal by the Royal Society for this work and that on electricity, and a discourse was delivered by the president, Sir John Pringle ... 

This is true for gases observing the inverse power law of repulsion (force) = (constant) x (intermolecular distance) and u > 5. See Present (1958). 

The polymerization reaction of GA was further confirmed by the reaction of ethanolamine with GA observed by light scattering (Figure 4). This amine was highly soluble even after the reaction with GA, and therefore, quite useful for in situ observation and also for the analyses by ESI- MS, which are described later. 

F. Treated with Amo-1618, after 14 days, followed by GA, observed 4 days after application of GA... 

Figure 2. FTMS NICI spectrum of a mixture of fluorene and 9-methyl fluorene, using argon as the reagent gas. Observed anions at 180.058 and 180.094 correspond to C H 0 and C H O , respectively. (Reproduced with permission from ref. 18. Copyright 198 7 Valley.)...

As a good first-order generalization, the noble gases found in natural waters are acquired from air and are present in concentrations approximately consistent with air equilibration. Solubility data (Tables 4.1-4.4 and Fig. 4.1) are thus of central importance in evaluating noble gas observations in water. A comprehensive review and data evaluation for the general phenomenon of gas solution in water is given by Wilhelm etal. (1977). 

No data for noble gas solubility in ice are available, but solubilities can be expected to be much lower than for liquid water. The only noble gas observations are these of Matsuo and Miyake (1966), who analyzed Ar along with N2, 02, and C02 in natural ices. They found the major gases and Ar present in roughly atmospheric proportion, evidently contained principally in occluded gas bubbles. The bubbles were present in... 

The development of the chemistry of the atmosphere was somewhat delayed by the early lack of realisation that there exist various kinds of gases. At first the term air was applied to all gaseous substances, and not until the commencement of the seventeenth century was the difference m the nature of various gases recognised at this time van Helmont, who introduced the term gas, observed the divergence in the properties of gases from different sources, and as an almost immediate result carbon dioxide was accepted as a minor constituent of the atmosphere. 

Note that storage of helium in the core remains only one component of a noble gas model that can describe the range of noble gas observations. The core has only been evaluated as a possible storage of He. The incorporation in the core of other noble gases, and their relative fractionations, cannot be clearly evaluated without more data. Also, the distribution of radiogenic nuclides such as "" Ar, Xe, and Xe that are produced within the mantle must be explained with a model that fully describes the mantle reservoirs. While these issues may be tractable, a comprehensive model that incorporates a core reservoir remains to be formulated. It should be emphasized that the core does not completely explain the distribution of helium isotopes, since the issue of the " He-heat imbalance is not addressed at all by this model. It appears that even if high He/ He ratios are the signature of involvement of core material in the source of mantle plumes, several mantle reservoirs are still required. 

Fig. 74. Axial concentration profile of bed gas, observed by taking out the gas by an axially traveling sampler (FI7).

The calcium carbonate in the eggshell sample undergoes a double-replacement reaction with the hydrochloric acid in step 10. Then the carbonic acid that was formed decomposes. Write a balanced chemical equation for these reactions. (Hint The gas observed was carbon dioxide.)... 

Fig. 1-10. One-dimensional vertical eddy diffusion coefficient Kz derived from trace gas observations in the stratosphere (1) from nitrous oxide, (2,3) from methane. (1) Schmeltekopf el al. (1977), (2) Wofsy and McElroy (1973), (3) Hunten (1975).

Rayner, P. J., Enting, I. G., Francey, R. L, and Langenfelds, R. L. 1999). Reconstructing the recent carbon cycle from trace gas observations. Tellus, 518,213-232. 

Considering equation (A3.6.3), if activity coefficients of reactant and transition state are approximately equal, for a unimolecular reaction one should observe gas observed for many unimolecular... 

The 6 2 coal seam is the main mining seam, integrated mining face in high gas zone. Select the top 160 gas observation data as the theoretical modeling sample data, as shown in Figure 2, the remaining 20 gas observation data as the test sample data, to make empirical study. 

Research of gas sensitivity of the deposited films was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the temperature dependences of film resistance in both pure air, Ro(T), and at a given concentration of the test gas, Rg(T), were measured. It was determined the temperature at which a maximum sensitivity of film to test gas observed. In the second stage, the effects of different concentrations of the gas at this temperature are measured. 

Ozawa Y, Mori K, Sano M (1981) Behavior of injected gas observed at the exit of a submerged orifice in liquid metal. Tetsu-to-Hagane 67 2655-2664... 

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