Gases, atmospheric, effect

Of the many factors that influence film structure some of the dominating ones are film thickness (Dixit, 111), growth rate (Estermann, 112), nature, condition, and temperature of the support (Briick, 113 Rudiger, 114 Finch, Quarrell, and Wilman, 115), and gas atmosphere effects (Beeck, 108). The structural properties unique to such films (Van der Merwe, 116) and their application to surface studies have been reviewed (Beeck, Smith, and Wheeler, 108). Nevertheless, there remains more... 

Figure 9-79B. COg absorption from atmosphere effect of liquor rate on Kgs at atmospheric pressure and various gas rates. Reproduced by permission of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Spector, N. A., and Dodge, B. F., Trans. AI.Ch.E., V. 42 (1946) p. 827 all rights reserved.

Fig. 7.43 Effect of silicon content on corrosion of Ni-Cr-Fe alloys in a reducing flue-gas atmosphere containing 6-9 g m S (100-h tests at 982°C) a. Ni-28Fe-12Cr b. Ni-50Fe-15Cr...

Table 7.25 Effect of aluminium on the corrosion at 982°C of Fe-35Ni-15Cr alloy in a reducing flue-gas atmosphere containing 2-3 g m of sulphur (100-h test period) ...

Solvent (reaction medium) In most of the cases, solvent is selected with high boiling point (or) with low vapor pressure in order to generate effective cavitation. Gas atmosphere Inert gases like Ar is used in general as cavitation is favored in this atm. 

Okitsu K, Suzuki T, Takenaka N, Bandow FI, Nishimura R, Maeda Y (2006) Acoustic multibubble cavitation in water a new aspect of the effect of a rare gas atmosphere on bubble temperature and its relevance to sonochemistry. J Phys Chem B 110 20081-20084... 

During investigations on dissociation equilibria by means of thermogravimetry, it was observed that the detailed mechanism of certain carbonate decompositions3 is still not completely clarified. The reason for this is that differences in the decomposition mechanism can be introduced by the nature of the substance, by structural variations and especially by even minor changes of the gas atmosphere around and in the sample. Of course, also the effect of the usual experimental conditions has to be taken into account. 

This effect has been utilized for a long time in condensers (see 2.1.5) mainly in connection with chemical processes previously the baffle on diffusion pumps used to be cooled with refrigerating machines. Also in a sealed space (vacuum chamber) the formation of condensate on a cold surface means that a large number of gas molecules are removed from the volume they remain located on the cold surface and do not take part any longer in the hectic gas atmosphere within the vacuum chamber. We then say that the particles have been pumped and talk of cryopumps when the pumping effect is attained by means of cold surfaces. 

The effect of severe thermal pretreatment of Au wire in an inert gas atmosphere [375] on the anodic behavior of gold was also considered. In some instances, premonolayer oxidation commenced at 0.25 V (SHE). 

In order to reduce this effect, the samples should be protected from sunlight by wrapping the sample bottles in appropriate material. When dealing with oxygen sensitive compounds, the reactions should be performed under nitrogen or other inert gas atmosphere. 

H. R. Linden High temperature pyrolysis of coal with high energy sources seems to follow readily predictable paths similar to hydrocarbon pyrolysis. The effects of pressure, gas atmosphere, reaction time, and the volatile matter" content of the coal bear the same relationship to yields of methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene, and hydrogen as for simple hydrocarbons. Effective reaction temperature, although not directly measurable, could be estimated by means of a suitable chemical thermometer, such as the C-. H-. -C. H4-H. system which approaches equilibrium very rapidly. As Dr. Given also noted, equating the volatile matter" to the reactive portion of the coal is an oversimplification but adequate for empirical purposes the C H ratio of the coal would probably be more suitable. 

The oxidation behaviour of Si3N4 ceramics strongly depends on impurities in the gas atmosphere. Impurities like alkaline or alkaline earth metals, S02, and vanadium drastically decrease oxidation [431, 433, 434]. The main influence of the different impurities is caused by a change of the viscosity or the destruction of the oxide scale, accelerating the diffusion of oxygen or water vapour into the ceramic and increasing the corrosion. Of coarse, the effect strongly depends on temperature and gas composition. 

Adam, A. A., Takahashi, Y., Katagiri, S. and Nagano, M. (2004) Effects of oxygen tension in the gas atmosphere during in vitro maturation, in vitro fertilization and in vitro culture on the efficiency of in vitro production of mouse embryos. Jpn J Vet Res 52, 77-84. 

Certain of the gases and particulates released to the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels can accumulate there. Carbon dioxide is the classic example of such a gas. Its effect on the temperature of Earth s surface environment and consequent climatic change have been known for nearly a century (Arrhenius, 1896 Chamberlain, 1898). 

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