Gas enhancement

Some of the other research studies have addressed topics such as high soHds biomass digestion (154), utilization of superthermophilic organisms (155), advanced reactor designs (156), landfill gas enhancement (157), and microbiology of the mixed cultures involved in methane fermentation (158). 

The C02 can be stored in supercritical conditions, rising by buoyancy and can be physically held in a structural or stratigraphic trap, the same way as the natural accumulation of hydrocarbons occurs. The advantage of the capacity of containment system has been demonstrated by the retention of oil for millions of years. If the site is in production, it is used to increase the recovery of oil or gas (EOR recovery - enhanced oil, gas-enhanced recovery - EGR). These operations, EOR/EGR, provide an economic benefit that can offset the costs of the capture, transport and storage of C02. 

Details of active gas enhancement, and budget prices are included in Table 1 below. The total required investment is of the order of US 272M for both sites. 

The gas-enhanced bombs described here are even more destructive. Terrorists used bombs of this type in their attacks on the U.S. embassy and the marine barracks in Beirut in 1983. Explosives experts initially attributed the marine bombing to about 12,000 pounds of TNT, judging from the tremendous damage caused by the explosion. Israeli intelligence experts now believe the bombs were composed of about 600 pounds of an RDX-based explosive and a propane booster. They also believe that die bombs were prepared by East German advisors working with Syrian terrorists because production of FAE is relatively specialized and not widely known. 

A pressure increase, brought about by an increase in the concentration of the ketone or by the addition of an inert gas, enhances the formation of the unsaturated aldehyde as compared to that of CO. The value of awehyde increases at the expense of 0co> thus, the ketone consumption yield is independent of pressure. This seems to be generally valid in the photolysis of the cyclic ketones it was confirmed, for instance, for cyclopentanone °, cyclohexanone 2-methyl cyclohexanone and 2,6-dimethyl cyclohexanone . An increase in wavelength also favours the formation of the aldehyde as compared to decarbonylation in the photolysis of cyclobutanone , cyclopentanone and cyclohexanone . At 3130 A, the decrease in temperature has a similar effect on the product distribution in the photolysis of cyclopentanone , cyclohexanone , 2-methyl cyclohexanone , and 2,6-dimethyl cyclohexanone to that caused by the increase in wavelength or pressure. However, at shorter wavelengths, the quantum yields seem to be independent of temperature . ... 

Results for mixtures of TCE- (500 ppm) Heptane are shown in Figure 14 and for mixtures TCE-(300 ppm) Toluene in Figure 15. It is seen that i) Some (up to 1 vol%) steam in the flue gas enhances the catalytic activity (for Cl-VOC oxidation), ii) hqrtane enhances the catalytic activity while the aromatic hydrocarbon seems to decrease it. Of course, if these V-W-Ti catalysts be selected for a further research, a lot of other tests should be made with mixtures of VOCs and Cl-VOCs. 

In the assessment of the strength of the surface field from observations of a bathochromic shift, it must be kept in mind that any influence which causes a broadening and coalescence of the line components of a structured absorption band of a gaseous molecule, e.g., the mere addition of a foreign inert gas, enhances the averaged absorbance in this region, leaving an already present continuous portion of the spectrum unaffected 26, 28),... 

Argon, for instance, has been shown to be a suitable buffer gas enhancing the negative ion abundance by several orders of magnitude ° Methane or isobutane is also a commonly used buffer gas. 

Buivid, M.G. (1980) Laboratory simulation of fuel gas enhancement from municipal solid waste landfills. Dynatec R D Co., Cambridge, MA. 

Buivid, M.G. et al (1981) Fuel gas enhancement by controlled landfilling of municipal solid waste. Resource, Recovery and Conservation Managemeru, 6, 3. Buswell, A.M. and Hatfield, W.D. (1939) Anaerobic fermentations. Illinois State Water Survey Bulletin, 32, 1-193. 

Campbell, D.J.V. and Croft, B.C. (1991) Landfill gas enhancement -Brogborough test cell programme. In Proc. Landfill gas Energy and Environment 90 (Richards.G.E. and Alston,Y.R. eds.). Harwell Laboratory, Oxon, U.K. Canter, L.W., Knox, R.C. and Fairchild, D.M. (1987) Groundwater quality protection. Lewis Publishers Inc. USA. 

EMCON Associates (1981) State of the art in methane gas enhancement in landfills. Argonne National Laboratory Report no.ANL/CNSV-23, US Department of Energy. 

ETSU (1993b) Landfill gas enhancement studies The Brogborough test cells. ETSU report B/B5/00080/rep, Harwell Laboratory, Oxon, UK. 

Compression of the gas enhances the temperature of the gas, which has to be adjusted to extraction temperature before entering the extractor. In this set-up, temperature is adjusted in the saturation vessel simultaneously to the saturation of the extraction gas by the compound in the saturator. 

---