Gardeniae

Uses. Cinnamyl alcohol and its esters, especially cinnamyl acetate, are widely employed in perfumery because of their excellent sensory and fixative properties. They are frequently used in blossom compositions such as lilac, jasmine, lily of the valley, hyacinth, and gardenia to impart balsamic and oriental notes to the fragrance. In addition, they ate utilized as modifiers in berry, nut, and spice flavor systems. The value of cinnamyl alcohol has also been mentioned in a variety of appHcations which include the production of photosensitive polymers (49), the creation of inks for multicolor printing (50), the formulation of animal repellent compositions (51), and the development of effective insect attractants (52). 

Essential oils are obtained from fmits and flowers (61,62). Volatile esters of short- and medium-chain carboxyHc acids or aromatic carboxyHc acids with short- and medium-chain alcohols are primary constituents of essential oils, eg, ethyl acetate in wines, brandy, and in fmits such as pineapple ben2yl acetate in jasmine and gardenia methyl saHcylate in oils of wintergreen and sweet birch. Most of these naturally occurring esters in essential oils have pleasant odors, and either they or their synthetic counterparts are used in the confectionery, beverage, perfume, cosmetic, and soap industries (see Oils, essential). 

There is an isomeric and closely associated alcohol, phenyl-methyl carbinol, CgH5CH OH)CHg, known to chemists. This is a liquid of different odour, but which is not used very much in synthetic perfumery. It is an oil boiling at 203°, and forms an acetate which is found naturally in essential oil of gardenia. This ester is of use in blending perfumes of this type of flower. 

Methyl Anthranilate.—This ester is one of extreme importance, and to it is largely due the possibility of manufacturing artificial neroli oils. It was discovered as a constituent of neroli oil in 1895 by Walbaum, and has since been identified in numerous other flower oils, such as tuberose, ylang-ylang, jasmin, and gardenia. Its value in synthetic perfumery is therefore obvious. Its constitution is that of a methyl ester or orthp-amido-benzoic acid, of the formula here shown —... 

Gelb-pech, n. yellow pitch. -scheibe, /. (Photog.) yellow filter. -schoten, f.pl. wongshy (pods of Gardenia grandifiora). -stich, m. yellow cast, yellow tinge. 

Simple Problem Suggest syntheses of the perfumery ketones (12) (carnation) and (13) (gardenia). 

Fujikawa, S. et ah. Brilliant skyblue pigment formation from Gardenia fruits, J. 

Park, J.-E. et al.. Isolation and characterization of water-soluble intermediates of blue pigments transformed from geniposide of Gardenia jasminoides, J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, 6511, 2002. 

Park, Y.S. et ah. Physical stability of the blue pigments formed from geniposide of Gardenia fruits effects of pH, temperature, and light, J. Agric. Food Chem., 49, 430, 2001. 

Ozaki, A. et al., Genotoxicity of gardenia yellow and its components, Eood Chem. Toxicol., 40, 1603, 2002. 

Imazawa, T. et al., Lack of carcinogenicity of gardenia blue colour given chronically in the diet to F344 rats, Food Chem. Toxicol, 38, 313, 2000. 

FIGURE 4.2.2 Structures of carotenoids found in paprika (capsanthin and capsombin), saffron and gardenia (crocetin derivatives), and annatto (bixin and norbixin). 

Kamikura, M. and Nakazato, K., Natural yellow colours from gardenia fruit and colours found in commercial gardenia extract analysis of natural yellow colours by high performance liquid chromatography, J. Food Hygiene Soc. Japan, 26, 150,1984. 

Noda, N. et ah. Determination of natural yellow dye from the fruits of gardenia by detecting geniposide, J. Hygenic Chem. (Eisei Kagaku), 29, 7, 1983. 

Crocin, from stigmas of crocus (saffron) or fruits of cape jasmine Gardenia Jasminoides... 

The DDF was more open in comparison with the DEF and had uniformly spaced trees. The upper story, 11-35 m above ground, was formed by canopies of Shorea obtusa, Pentamo suavis, Dipterocarpus intricatus, Gardenia spp. and others. In the DDF, 875 trees (DBH>5 cm) ha-1 were enumerated, and the total basal area at 1.3 m height was 15 m2ha-1 and the above ground biomass was 73 tons ha-1 (Sahunalu and Dhanmanonda... 

Crocin. Crocin is found in saffron and in gardenias. Extracting crocin from saffron is not economically viable. Saffron is obtained from Crocus sativus. Seventy thousand plants are needed to produce 500 g of saffron, which would contain 70 g of crocin. The commercial source of crocin is the gardenia bush. The town of Saffron Walden in Essex, UK, takes its name because saffron used to be produced there. 

The colorants from saffron have enjoyed good technological success as colorants and spices but their high price has led to searches for other sources of the same pigments. The pigments, but not the flavor, can be obtained in much larger quantities from the fmits of the gardenia or Cape jasmine plant.33... 

Fig. 8.5 Top. Some flavonoid pigments in gardenia. Bottom. Six of the nine iridoid...

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