Ganglioside between

Ogawa-Goto K, Funamoto N, Abe T, Nagashima K (1990) Different ceramide compositions of gangliosides between human motor and sensory nerves. J Neurochem 55 1486—1493. 

Axonally transplanted gangliosides from retina were more highly labelled in the optic tectum of chicken exposed to light compared to those maintained in the dark. There was no difference in the labelling of retinal gangliosides between the two groups. 

Peripheral and central nervous system myelin lipids are qualitatively similar. However, there are quantitative differences. PNS myelin has less cerebroside and sulfatide and considerably more sphingomyelin than CNS myelin. Of interest is the presence of the LM1 ganglioside, sialosyl-lactoneotetraosylceramide, as a characteristic component of myelin in the PNS of some species. These differences in lipid composition between CNS and PNS myelin are not, however, as dramatic as the differences in protein composition discussed below. 

The substrate-specificity studies described in this Subsection show striking similarities between the sialidases from various sources, but also characteristic differences with regard to the N- and O-substitu-tions of Neu, the sialic acid glvcosidic linkages, and the oligosaccharide, glycoprotein, or ganglioside nature of the substrates.55... 

Ellipsometry can follow the interactions between two types of biological macromolecules, the first of those two bound physically to the surface, the other acting from the solution. The binding of conconavalin A to adsorbed mannan 180) and of cholera toxin to adsorbed ganglioside t83) are examples. The adsorption of complement factors to an antibody-coated surface was monitored by ellipsometry and a modification of the same method was used for quantification of migration inhibition of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes 182). Interaction of proteins and cells with affinity ligands covalently coupled to silicon surfaces has been also studied 183). 

Gangliosides were labelled with galactose. In the fetal cell lines (FHS) and SKCO-1 there was no marked difference between treated and untreated cells. In HT-29, SW-480, and Sw-620 cell lines, the amounts of Gm3 appeared to remain the same, but the distribution of Gm3 components was affected by butyrate. These changes, might be due to alterations in the lipid moieties or, alternatively, there might be an acetylation Of a hydroxyl group in the carbohydrate moiety, since it has been shown that the butyrate increases the amount of acetylated histones. 

Butyrate appears to have its most profound effects on neoplastic cells such as HeLa in addition to morphological and biochemical differentiation, the fatty acid inhibits cell growth (2). Previous studies have established a correlation between decreased ganglioside synthesis and malignant transformation (43-46). Transformed baby hamster kidney and newborn rat kidney cells exhibited a loss of GM3 and sialyl transferase activity (43,44). 

The apolar chains of the ceramide portion of gangliosides are responsible for the hydrophobic properties of gangliosides and for their availability to hydrophobic interactions. The formation of an hydrogen bond between the 3-hydroxyl group of the sphingo-sine and the carbonyl oxygen of the fatty acid, would tend to spread the two hydrocarbon chains reducing their tendency for mutual association, and thus to promote association of each chain with other molecules ( 3 ). 

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