Gamma radiation effects

Gamma Radiation Effect on Explosives. Using Au-198 radiation the most affected were NG and PbNa, while TNT and Pb sryphnate were most stable. Binary expls such as Ballistite Comp B, primers such as M26 also were studied (Ref 1)... 

Severson, R.E, O.T. Chortyk and W.J. Chamberlain Gamma radiation effects on cigarettes Beitr. Tabakforsch. 8 (1975) 136-140. 

Burillo, G. and Bucio, E. 2008. Responsive copolymer films obtained by ionizing radiation. In Gamma Radiation Effects on Polymeric Materials and Its Applications, eds. C.E. Barrera, and G. Martfnez-Barrera, Transworld Research Network, Kerala, India, pp. 45-62. 

Satti, A. J. Nador, F. Vitale, C. Radivoy, G. Andreucetti, N. N. Ciolino, A. E. Valles, E. M., Synthesis, Characterization, and Gamma Radiation Effects over Well-Defined Poly(vinylsiloxanes) Copolymers. J.Appl. Polym. Sci. 2012,124, 832-839. 

Radiation-Density Gauges Gamma radiation may be used to measure the density of material inside a pipe or process vessel. The equipment is basically the same as for level measurement, except that here the pipe or vessel must be filled over the effective, irradiated sample volume. The source is mounted on one side of the pipe or vessel and the detector on the other side with appropriate safety radiation shielding surrounding the installation. Cesium 137 is used as the radi-... 

Density Gauges These are used to measure the density or suspended solids content of the feed and underflow streams. Gamma radiation devices are the most commonly used for automatic control, but ultrasonic devices are effective in the lower range of slurry density. Marcy pulp density scales are an effective manually operated device. A solids mass flow indication is usually obtained by combining a density gauge output with the output from a flowmeter. 

There are a number of important factors that must be considered before applying gamma radiation-induced grafting. These factors include the radiation sensitivity of the polymer/monomer system, radiation dose and dose rate, type and concentration of inhibitor, type of solvent or diluent, and monomer concentration. The effect of such parameters on the grafting efficiency during mutual grafting is given below. 

Table III. Effect of Gamma Radiation on Properties of Ethylene—Butene Copolymer...

The origin of the rays was initially a mystery, because the existence of the atomic nucleus was unknown at the time. However, in 1898, Ernest Rutherford took the first step to discover their origin when he identified three different types of radioactivity by observing the effect of electric fields on radioactive emissions (Fig. 17.4). Rutherford called the three types a (alpha), (3 (beta), and y (gamma) radiation. 

Effects of Gamma-radiation on Some Carbohydrates, Hydroxy-acids, and Amino-acids in Aqueous Solutions, S. A. Barker, P. M. Grant, M. Stacey, and R. B. Ward, Nature, 183 (1959) 376-377. 

The Mossbauer effect, discovered by Rudolf L. Mossbauer in 1957, can in short be described as the recoil-free emission and resonant absorption of gamma radiation by nuclei. In the case of iron, the source consists of Co, which decays with a half-life of 270 days to an excited state of Fe (natural abundance in iron 2%). The latter, in turn, decays rapidly to the first excited state of this isotope. The final decay generates a 14.4 keV photon and a very narrow natural linewidth of the order of nano eV. 

An ethylene/chlorotrifluoroethylene mixture polymerises violently under the effect of gamma radiation. 

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