Gain noise

Fig. 1.6 Effectof amplitude jitter (gain noise) of the single-photon pulses of a PMT on the recording of an optical pulse recorded by an analog oscilloscope left) and by photon counting (right)...

Although the simple circuit shown in Fig. 2.1 lacks any appreciable time resolution, it has most of the positive features of photon counting background suppression, suppression of detector gain noise, and a sensitivity independent of detector gain variations over a wide range. Photon counters of this type are often... 

Taking into consideration all of these non-ideal factors, the practical high-gain noise figure of an SOA is given by... 

The results of over 1 year of continuous, on-line acoustic emission (AE) structural surveillance of high temperature / high pressure steam headers, gained on 2 M-scale 600MW supercritical multifuel ENEL power units in normal operation, are presented in the paper. The influence of background noise, the correlation between plant operating conditions (steady load, load variations, startup / shutdown transients) and AE activity and the diagnostic evaluation of recorded AE events are also discussed. 

The pulser/receiver is completely shielded and therefore receives no noise coming from the PC components. The input connector is a Lemo 00 coupler. The extremely low noise amplifier with a maximum amplification of about 90 dB accommodates very small signals. A precise gain setting is possible up to 106 dB. 

The HILL-SCAN 30XX boards enable ultrasonic inspections from 50 kHz (concrete inspections) to 35 MHz (inspection of thin layers) with a signal to noise ratio up to 60 dB. The gain setting range of the receiver is 106 dB. High- and low pass filters in the receiver can be combined to band-passes, so that optimal A-scans are displayed. 

Disturbance noise covariance matrix %Kalman gain matrix... 

Because of their cellular or open-matrix construction, most insulants have an inherent ability to absorb sound, act as panel dampers and reduce noise breakout from plant by their ability to be a flexible or discontinuous link between an acoustically active surface and the outer cladding. This secondary aspect of thermal insulation specification will gain more prominence when the UK adopts the EC Directive 86/1888, Protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to noise at work . 

It can be seen from Equation 3.38 that unknown variation in gpl20 levels can lead to differences in the correction factor between the experimentally observed IC50 and the desired quantity K4. However, this variation is minimal if low levels of control signal are used for screening (i.e., minimal concentration of CD4 is used to gain an acceptable signal to noise ratio). 

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