Further methodological considerations

In addition to the example presented above, the experimenter may be willing to adapt part of the methodology. Below are three additional considerations regarding the setting up of an FP. 

In our experience with FP, attribute elicitation is usually not a problan when working with experienced subjects or with product experts. Such subjects are indeed used to desoibing their sensations using descriptive terms. The only pitfall we met is when conducting an FP with panellists from a conventional profile panel heavily trained to describe the same category of products. Those subjects indeed tended to stick to the list of attributes they had learned before, and did not really adapt to the product set under study. 

The attribute elicitation issue may be considered differently when working with consumers. For instance, should one be interested in consumers spontaneous description, it would seem more pertinent to let the participants use their own terms without any suggestions. This may result in the elicitation of rather obvious attributes, although in past studies the vocabulary used by consumers was found to be rich and diverse (Veinand et al, 2011). On the contrary, providing a list may facilitate description (as in the Check-all-that-apply technique), but it may also bias consumers responses. However, these two options have not been formally compared yet, and ultimately the choice really has to be made with respect to the goals of the study. 

In order to facilitate elicitation of attributes, the initial FP procedure (Dairou and Sieffermann, 2002 Delarue and Sieffermann, 2004a) included a preliminary session during which the panellists were asked to individually generate descriptive terms based on a first assessment of the whole product set. In the same objective, it was also possible to provide help in the form of pre-existing lists of attributes from the literature or from previous studies. These lists might indeed help the subjects to put words on their sensations. 

The preliminary session might nevertheless be useful when the differences to be described are subtle, or when practical constraints make a first evaluation round necessary in order to get a global picture of between-product differences. The extreme scenario would be the evaluation of products Uke cars, when one has to drive few kilometres to draw some sensations from this experience and then has to switch to another car and drive again, and so on. 

---

Such an alternative reproduction of the Woodward-Hoffmann rules is not, however, the only result of the similarity approach. The formalism of the approach is very flexible and universal and the original study [33] has become the basis of a number of subsequent generalisations in which a number of problems dealing with various aspects of pericyclic reactivity were analysed and discussed [48-55], In spite of the considerably broad scope of these applications, recently reviewed in [56], the possibilities of the similarity approach are still not exhausted and its formalism is still capable of further methodological development. Our aim in this report is to present some of more recent applications of the similarity approach for the study of mechanisms of pericyclic reactions [57-59],... 

The basic methodology is therefore well-grounded in the carbohydrate domain, and the further retrosynthetic considerations continue this trend. Thus, the C8-CH3 can be used to hold two rings together by formation of an internal acetal, 12. Sacrifice of the CIO and Cl4 stereocenters allows three rings to be assembled in 13. 

The purpose of this chapter is twofold, firstly to introduce a methodology for equipment selection and secondly to describe the principal features of Filter Design Software (FDS). With respect to the former, a technique for preliminary equipment selection is presented and it is shown how an equipment list can be ranked to help refine further selection considerations. Descriptions of FDS illustrate how equipment selection, data analysis and equipment simulation procedures can be combined into computer software, a basic flowsheet is shown in Figure 5.1. Worked examples are given. 

There are several sources of information on LCA methodology and of LCA studies. There are a considerable number of cross-references in these information sources, so only a few of them need be considered here in order to provide a starting point for further studies. 

Purification of anthocyanin-containing extracts is often necessary for further structural identification. Since none of the solvents used for extraction is specific for anthocyanins, considerable amounts of other compounds may be also extracted and concentrated. The variety and concentration of other compounds will depend on the solvent and methodologies used. The presence of extraneous materials could affect the stability and/or analysis of anthocyanins. Therefore, the next step toward anthocyanin characterization is the purification of those extracts. 

An elegant two-step solution-phase methodology was developed for the synthesis of the benzodiazepine-2,5-diones (93 e.g. R1 = PhCH R2 = Me, R3 = Me, R4 = H, R5 = Me, 32%). The first step was a Ugi four-component reaction followed in the second step by a palladium-mediated intramolecular IV-arylation reaction. This methodology has considerable scope for further application in heterocyclic synthesis <06TL3423>. 

Since the discovery of tetraponerine-8 in 1987 by Braekman et al. [195] the tetraponerines, the defensive alkaloids of ants of the genus Tetraponera, have been the target of considerable synthetic efforts and have served to demonstrate the utility of various synthetic methodologies [114]. Recently a few further syntheses of these unusual tricyclic alkaloids have been reported. 

Screening-level risk assessment A risk assessment methodology that identifies stressors of potential concern and eliminates from further consideration those not posing any significant risk. 

Especially, we asked each author to describe the method by which they arrived at their discoveries with consideration of the reader s merits. We hope that these methodological processes might lead readers to conduct further experiments on their own. Most of the authors were selected from among the participants to the International Symposium on Advanced Functional Genomics (October II-I2, 2007, Kazusa, Japan). We thank all authors for sharing their invaluable expertise in each specific field. We also acknowledge the invaluable editorial expertise of Dr. John M. Walker. 

---