Steel furnaces

A comprehensive history of ferrous scrap recycling ia the United States beginning ia 1646 has beea pubUshed (3). Some selected eveats of iaterest iaclude the first opea-hearth steel produced (1868) the first commercial direct-arc electric furnace steel produced ia the United States (1906) the first large iaduction furnace iastaHed ia the United States (1914) the first basic oxygen steel produced ia the United States (1954) the rise of continuous casters and scrap-based minimills (1965) the first thin-slab continuous caster at a minimill (1989) U.S. exports and imports of ferrous scrap at record highs (1990) and the end of production of open-hearth steel (1991). 

Wire used in the manufacture of wire rope is made from (1) acid or basic open-hearth steel, (2) basic oxygen steel, or (3) electric furnace steel. Wire tested before and after fabrication shall meet different tensile and torsional requirements as specified in Tables 4-9 and 4-10. 

Overview of Key Environmental and Energy Facts Electric Arc Furnace Steel Making... 

Heard, R. A. and Roth, J.L. Optimizing energy in electric furnace steel-making, Iron and Steel Engineer, April 1998. 

Further, there are dry processes in w/hich degassing in vacuum is the actual technical process. These include work in induction- and arc furnaces, steel degassing plants, and plants for the manufacture of pure metals and electron tubes. 

A = a basic open-hearth alloy steel B = an acid-Bessemer carbon steel C = a basic open-hearth carbon steel D = an acid open-hearth carbon steel E = an electric furnace steel... 

The particle size of metal emissions from smelters and metallurgical processes is fikely to vary widely with the type of process and the emission controls used. Table III shows that about 45% of the particles emitted from metallurgical processes is in the fine particle range. Lee et al. (27) studied emissions from an electric arc furnace steel plant equipped with a baghouse control device and found that 57% of the total particulate matter was less than 1 /on in diameter. Little information on the particle size of specific metal emissions is available in the literature. 

Use For precipitating copper or lead from solutions of their salts, and in electric furnace steel operations. 

Trichloroethane is generally accepted as more toxic than 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Humans are exposed to 1,1,2-Trichloroethane from ambient air, particularly near sources of emission and from contaminated drinking-water supplies. Exposure is possible for workers in blast furnaces, steel mills, and engineering and scientific instrument manufacturing. Due to hazardous liver toxicity and suspicion of carcinogenicity, its use has been replaced, often by the less toxic 1,1,1-trichloroethane. ... 

Nickel 0.1 ppm 0.1 ppm petroleum refining, gray iron foundries, primary copper, blast furnaces, steel... 

Takahashi T, Yokoyama S (2015) Bioassay of components eluted from electric arc furnace steel slag using microalgae chlorella. Tetsu-to-Hagane 101(9) 506—514... 

H-12 Electric furnace, steel shell S-13 Electrostatic olust precipitator T-14 Phosphorus sump E-15 Phosphorus condenser... 

Blast Furnaces, Steel Works, and Rolling and Finishing Wastes Industry Description... 

PCDD/F emission data are expressed in terms of the NATO-CCMS (North Atlantic Treaty Organization - Committee on the Challenges of Modem Society) toxic equivalence quantities (TEQ) for most important processes [31]. These processes include public power/heat plants based on coal and residual oil, non-industrial and industrial combustion of coal, oil, gas and wood, blast furnaces, sinter plants, non-ferrous and aluminum production, electric furnace steel plants, road transport, incineration of domestic, municipal and hospital waste. Emissions of dioxins from the combustion of kerosene with dichloroethane or dichlorobenzene are significant... 

The worldwide production of steel is slowly increasing, but the production of electric-arc furnace steel is increasing at a more rapid rate. This rate reached 28% of total production in 1990 as shown in Fig. 5.11. The major producers by area are Europe, North America, and Japan. 

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