Organic compounds containing functional groups

Specific groups of atoms in an organic molecule can determine its physical and chemical properties. These groups are referred to as functional groups. Organic compounds which contain the functional group -OH, the hydroxyl group, are called alcohols. 

Functional Groups Organic compounds with similar fxmctional groups form a family of compounds and exhibit similar chemical and physical properties. For example, carboxylic acids behave as acids and therefore have low pH. Many esters, aldehydes, and ketones, especially those that contain an aromatic ring in their R group, tend to have pleasant smells. Amines, on the other hand, tend to have foul smells. 

Organic compounds containing a hydroxyl, carbonyl, or amine functional group adjacent to a hydoxyl or carbonyl group can be oxidized using metaperiodate, 104 , as an oxidizing titrant. 

Polarography is used extensively for the analysis of metal ions and inorganic anions, such as lOg and NOg. Organic compounds containing easily reducible or oxidizable functional groups also can be studied polarographically. Functional groups that have been used include carbonyls, carboxylic acids, and carbon-carbon double bonds. 

As with other groups, halogens can substitute hydrogen in organic compounds containing additional functional moieties such as carboxylic acids to form acid chlorides, e.g. acetyl chloride CH3COCI. These are reactive acidic compounds liberating hydrochloric acid on contact with water. 

Ester An organic compound containing the —C—O— functional group, 595-596... 

Ether An organic compound containing the —O— functional group, 590-593,591t Ethyl alcohol, 43t, 595 Ethyl butyrate, 596t Ethyl formate, 596t Ethylene... 

Acyclic organic compounds containing an E-N (E=S, Se, Te) functional group are conveniently divided into those in which the organic group is attached to (a) nitrogen or (b) sulfur. 

Figure 5.11, many organic compounds contain more than one of these functional groups and, thus, are able to form multiple bonds or associations with metals. 

FIG. 6.1 The nitration reaction. Organic compounds containing the -OH functional group are termed "alcohols." These compounds react with nitric acid to produce a class of compounds known as "nitrate esters." Nitroglycerine and nitrocellulose are among the numerous explosive materials produced using this reaction. 

The GCM approach has been applied to the estimation of Tm for organic compounds containing functional groups with O, S, N, and halogen atoms [10], for rigid aromatic compounds [11], and for organic polymers with various possible substituents [12]. The latter method employs various corrections that account for special structural features in the polymer molecule. The first two methods are described below. 

The aim of this review is to focus on the acidity and basicity as well as some aspects of hydrogen bonding of organic compounds containing double-bonded functional groups. 

Carboxylic acids A family of organic compounds containing the functional group -COOH. They have the general formula C H2n+1COOH. The most important and well known of these acids is ethanoic acid, which is the main constituent in vinegar. Ethanoic acid is produced by the oxidation of ethanol. 

Many of these organic compounds contain one or more functional groups these can form complexes with trace metals. This may affect the speciation of these trace elements significantly. 

There are no published studies which examine the significance of pH shifts on quality attributes of freeze-dried formulations of small molecules. However, Costantino et al. (14) reported that lyophilized organic compounds containing protein functional groups (amino-, carboxylic-, and phenolic-) exhibit pH memory that is, the ionization state of the solid, as reflected by the FTIR spectrum, is similar to that of the aqueous solution from which the compound was freeze dried. 

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