Functional group single bonds

When we classify functional groups by bond order (single, double, and so forth), they tend to follow certain patterns of reactivity ... 

Over 85% of the millions of known compounds are carbon compounds, and a separate branch of chemistry, organic chemistry, is devoted to the study of them. Why are there so many organic compounds The discussion of hydrocarbons and their structural and geometric isomers in Chapter 12 indicates two reasons (1) the ability of many carbon atoms to be linked in sequence with stable carbon-carbon single, double, and triple bonds in a single molecule and (2) the occurrence of isomers. A third reason will be discussed further in this chapter the variety of functional groups that bond to carbon atoms. 

These reactions modify the counts of functional groups of similar chemical nature (for example, distinguishable kinds of amides/amines/carboxylic acids). If there is only a single kind of bond, there is no net creation or destruction of functional groups or bonds, but a reshuffling of pieces of the reacting molecules takes place. 

The reaction graph A corresponds to the addition of a double bond and the deletion of a functional group initially bonded to carbon by a single bond. The reaction graph B represents the deletion of a functional group initially bonded to carbon with a double bond. 

The importance of the Diels-Alder reaction is in synthesis It gives us a method to form two new carbon-carbon bonds m a single operation and requires no reagents such as acids or bases that might affect other functional groups m the molecule... 

The limitations of this reagent are several. It caimot be used to replace a single unactivated halogen atom with the exception of the chloromethyl ether (eq. 5) to form difluoromethyl fluoromethyl ether [461 -63-2]. It also caimot be used to replace a halogen attached to a carbon—carbon double bond. Fluorination of functional group compounds, eg, esters, sulfides, ketones, acids, and aldehydes, produces decomposition products caused by scission of the carbon chains. 

Strategy An alcohol is a compound that contains the -OH functional group. To make an alcohol chiral, we need to have four different groups bonded to a single carbon atom, sav -H, -OH, -CHj, and -CH9CH3. 

This chapter finishes the coverage of functional groups with C-O and C—S single bonds that was begun in Chapter 17. We ll focus primarily on ethers and take only a brief look at thiols and sulfides before going on to an extensive coverage of compounds with C=0 bonds in Chapters 19 through 23. 

FlO. 1. Theoretical curves of OC—M—CO bond angle in M(CO)3 groups with approximate trigonal symmetry, with transition metal M enneacoyalent (u = 9) or octacovalent (< = 8), as functions of the bond number n from n = 1 (single bond from metal to carbonyl) to n = 2 (double bond). 

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