Functional Groups with Only Single Bonds

Functional Groups with Only Single Bonds 

The most common functional groups with only single bonds are alcohols, haloalkanes, and amines. 

Alcohols The alcohol functional group consists of carbon bonded to an —OH 

Alcohols undergo elimination and substitution reactions. Dehydration, the elimination of H and OH, requires acid and forms alkenes  

Elimination of two H atoms requires inorganic oxidizing agents, such as KoCr Oy in aqueous H2SO4. The reaction oxidizes the HC—OH group to the C=0 group (shown with condensed and carbon-skeleton fonnulas)  

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Functional Groups with Only Single Bonds... 

This chapter finishes the coverage of functional groups with C-O and C—S single bonds that was begun in Chapter 17. We ll focus primarily on ethers and take only a brief look at thiols and sulfides before going on to an extensive coverage of compounds with C=0 bonds in Chapters 19 through 23. 

It is most desirable that a given amino acid should form a single-derivative peak after treatment with a single derivatization agent. Unfortunately, that is not the case for many important determinations. Thus, for example, permethylation [481] and the formation of W-dimethylaminomethylene alkyl esters [482] appeared limited to only some amino acids. Persilylation of all amino acid functional groups with potent silyl donors [483] comes perhaps closest to definition of a universal reaction , but even here some problems are encountered (a) derivatization can be time-consuming (b) multiple derivatives are occasionally formed even under precautions (c) Si-N bonds are moisture-sensitive and (d) truly quantitative derivatization is difficult to achieve for all protein amino acids. 

We begin our study with hydrocarbons, which have the general empirical formula QHj,. Those containing only single bonds, such as methane, ethane, and propane, are called alkanes. Molecules such as cyclohexane, whose carbons form a ring, are called cycloalkanes. Alkanes lack functional groups as a result, they are relatively nonpolar and unreactive. The properties and chemistry of the alkanes are described in this chapter and in Chapters 3 and 4. 

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