Fillers functional

Although the use of simple diluents and adulterants almost certainly predates recorded history, the use of fillers to modify the properties of a composition can be traced as far back as eady Roman times, when artisans used ground marble in lime plaster, frescoes, and po22olanic mortar. The use of fillers in paper and paper coatings made its appearance in the mid-nineteenth century. Functional fillers, which introduce new properties into a composition rather than modify pre-existing properties, were commercially developed eady in the twentieth century when Goodrich added carbon black to mbber and Baekeland formulated phenol— formaldehyde plastics with wood dour. 

Extenders are generally classified as such because they are low in cost compared to the polymer into which they are incorporated. A preferred term for clays used as extenders might be functional fillers because addition to a polymer almost always alters its properties to some extent (15). 

Functional Fillers for Industrial Applications, Internal Pubhcation No. EE-396, CELITE Corp., Lompoc, Calif., 1984. 

Precipitated CaCO. is produced in a number of chemical processes. Somclimcs it is economical In dry and calcine the byproduct to regenerate CaO or Cat OH) . Some precipitated CaCOt is made to specific particle size and shape, whiteness, and purity for use as functional filler for paper coatings, paint, and polymers. These products command a premium price as compared with pulverized limestone fillers. 

M. Xanthos Functional Fillers for Plastics, Wiley-VCH, New York, 2005. 

Rust, D.A., Proceedings of Functional Fillers and Reinforcements 99, Intertech, Atlanta, GA, Paper 22, 1999. 

Govanucci, K.-L., New huntite site expands possibilities for FR, Functional Filler News, 40, 1-2, November 20, 1995. 

Herbiet, R., Nanocomposites based on boehemite alumina, Proceedings of the Functional Fillers Conference, Hamburg, Germany, September 15-17, 2004. 

Beyer, G., Nanocomposites—A new class of flame retardants for polymer and cable applications, Proceedings from Conference on Functional Fillers for Plastics, September 15-17, Intertech, Portland, Maine, U.S.A., Paper 16, 2004. 

Hexagonal BN is stable in inert or reducing atmosphere to about 2700°C and in oxidizing atmosphere to 850°C. It is an excellent thermal conductor and has been frequently quoted as a functional filler for fire-retardant encapsulants for E/E applications. 

Weissenbach, K. and Mack, H., Silane coupling agents, in Functional Fillers for Plastics, Xanthos, M. (Ed.), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2005, Chapter 4, 59-83. 

PVC-U formulations have low flammability due to the chlorine content. The addition of plasticiser in PVC-P formulations necessitates the use of flame retardant and smoke suppressant additives. These additives are known as functional fillers and a correct balance is necessary to achieve all the end-use specification requirements. They are predominately used in cable, conveyer belting and roofing membrane formulations to give resistance to fire initiation and propagation. It is also important to reduce dripping in a fire situation and that as little smoke as possible is generated. Antimony trioxide has been used extensively, usually in combination with phosphate ester plasticisers, giving excellent fire performance and mechanical properties. 

Zinc borate is also an effective SS in combination with phosphate ester plasticiser (130). The combination of ammonium octamolybdate and zinc stannate is also beneficial (435). It has been shown that ATH and MDH functional fillers coated with zinc hydroxystannate give significantly increased combustion resistance and lower levels of smoke evolution (386). Copper (I) complexes have been suggested as smoke suppressants (241). Copper oxides have also been investigated with positive results (60). 

The increasing demand for FR PVC-U applications has prompted work in this area. The use of functional fillers can cause a dramatic deterioration of physical properties at the addition levels necessary to achieve the requirements of flame retardancy and smoke emission. An evaluation has shown zinc hydroxystannate to give the best overall FR and SS characteristics without adversely influencing important physical properties (129). The addition of low levels of zinc borate and/or ATH was noted to improve flame retardancy and reduce smoke density in a PVC-U formulation (265). 

An attempt is made to contribute to the objective analysis of the role of PVC cabling in major fires such as that at Dusseldorf airport. Questions regarding smoke and toxic combustion gas evolved by PVC cable materials have repeatedly been posed. Today, functional fillers such as aluminium hydroxide (ATH) and magnesium hydroxide (MDH) are available to optimise PVC formulations, creating extremely low smoke and much less toxic gases. The latest research developments are illustrated using... 

Dicalite Natural Diatomite Functional Fillers 104, CA-3, lG-3, 143, SA-3,182 Dicalite Processed Diatomite Functional Fillers WF, WFAB, 395, WB-5, L-5, L-10, SP-5, PS, SF-5 World Minerals, Inc., Celite, Lompoc, CA, USA... 

Chemical formula this diverse group includes particular materials of different chemical composition which are used as functional fillers... 

Celite. Functional Fillers for Industrial Applications. World Minerals, Inc. Celite Corporation, Lompoc, 11/91. 

Containing Recycled Phenol-formaldehyde Resin as a Functional Filler. . 80... 

Gent, A. N. Presented at International Symposium Moffis-93 Mineral and Organic Functional Fillers in Polymers, Namur, Belgium, April 13-16, 1993. 

Functional Fillers. These relatively inert materials are dispersed in the formulation to develop the desired rheology and body needed for the application of the solder mask. 

CelkateT-21. [Celite] Hydrous magnesium silicate functional filler. 

Fibra-CeKh. [Cdite] Cellulose and cotton fibers fflter a reintocing fibers, functional fillers, thickener, processing aid, conditioner to thermoset and ther-... 

G-White. [J.M. Huber] Calcium carbonate functional filler/extender for coatings, plastics, rubber, building prods., ceramics flux, paper fillers, adhesives, cleaning compds., and polishing agents. 

H-White. [JJt(. Huber] Calcium carbonate functional filler extend used in coatings, plastic and rubber fillers. 

H. Barthel, F. Achenbach, H. Maginot, Proc. Int. Symp. on Mineral and Organic Functional Fillers in Polymers (MOFFIS93) 1993, 301. 

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