Functional derivatives nomenclature

Other minor systems are also in use. Some are traditional, and some are very restricted in their application. These include acid nomenclature (inorganic, for oxoacids and derivatives), replacement nomenclature (mainly organic, to denote replacement of skeletal atoms in a parent rather than replacement of hydrogen atoms — oxa-aza replacement is one variant), functional class nomenclature (this is again principally organic and involves the use of type names such as alcohol, acid and ether) and subtractive nomenclatures (such as organic-deoxy and inorganic-debor). These will all be referred to briefly as appropriate. 

The nomenclature system outlined in this report follows many customary terpene practices but also conforms to established nomenclature rules and practices. The resulting terpene-like names are much simpler than the strict systematic names formed according to IUPAC rules. Replacement of the currently used common terpene names by the recommended ter-pene-like pseudosystematic names will facilitate ready recognition of the terpene hydrocarbon structures and will aid in integrating terpene chemistry with the entire field of organic chemistry. Extension of the hydrocarbon rules to the naming of functional derivatives will simplify and unify nomenclature within the terpene field. 

The name in Example 4 regards the compound as derived from arsonic acid, by substitution of a phenyl group for the hydrogen atom bound directly to arsenic. The name in Example 5, in addition to the hydrogen substitution, involves functional replacement nomenclature (Section IR-8.6). 

The quantity defined in (9.20) is often called the functional derivative of y with respect to the function x at the point s (Bogoliubov, 1962). However, the nomenclature used above is clearer, especially when it is also necessary to specify at which point the derivative is evaluated. For instance, later in this appendix, we shall write... 

This chapter on saccharides is divided into two main parts. The first part describes major monosaccharides, and their functional derivatives, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Their structure and nomenclature, occurrence in major food commodities, properties and importance in human physiology and nutrition, recommended intake and use in food technology are all described. The second part is devoted to reactions of saccharides that lead to the formation of products that influence odour, taste and colour of foods, and to reactions taking place during storage and thermal processing of food raw materials and foods. 

Substituent groups ( radicals ) derived from acids and certain derivatives thereof by removal of -OH from the functional group are generally called acyl groups and individually named by transforming the ending... ic acid to. ..yl or. ..oyl and. ..carboxylic acid to. ..carbonyl. The names thus formed can also be used in radicofunctional (functional class) nomenclature. 

Ethers are named m substitutive lUPAC nomenclature as alkoxy derivatives of alkanes Functional class lUPAC names of ethers are derived by listing the two alkyl groups m the general structure ROR m alphabetical order as separate words and then adding the word ether at the end When both alkyl groups are the same the prefix di precedes the name of the alkyl group... 

Section 16 1 Ethers are compounds that contain a C—O—C linkage In substitutive lUPAC nomenclature they are named as al/coxy derivatives of alkanes In functional class lUPAC nomenclature we name each alkyl group as a separate word (m alphabetical order) followed by the word ether... 

Sulfides are sulfur analogs of ethers they contain the C—S—C func tional group They are named as al/cylthw derivatives of alkanes m sub stitutive lUPAC nomenclature The functional class lUPAC names of sul tides are derived m the same manner as those of ethers but the concluding word is sulfide... 

Present-day nomenclature is partly the result of the conflict and interplay of two functions the need to communicate in speech and on the printed page on the one hand, and the need for archival storage of information and its efficient, reliable retrieval. The former function came first, and laid the basis for the nomenclature most commonly used even today, and gave birth to a wealth of trivial names (i.e. names that give little or no information on structure). These were often coined on the basis of the origin of the substance, as in the case of collidine, obtained from distillation of bones in glue factories, or were derived from a special characteristic, as in the case of skatole, which has a fecal odor. Such names are short and generally euphonious, but they must be memorized they cannot be deduced from the structure. 

Anions derived from cyclic imides may, of course, be named by the foregoing principles, but it is often desirable to name them so as to emphasize their functional character. To do so, the -imide name is changed to -imidide . Such anions are obviously mesomeric, but for nomenclature purposes they are considered to be derived from the more stable tautomer, the imide form, as shown in (201). 

The results show that the dediazoniations afforded dihydrofuran derivatives which were functionalized exclusively at the site of the cyclized radical (10.58, Z = 0, n = 1) in very good yields for bromination and iodination, and moderate yields for chlorination, phenylthionation, and cyanation. All cyclizations take place in the exo mode, i.e., at the -CH= (second-last) carbon and not at the CH2 group (endo mode for nomenclature see Beckwith et al., 1980). 

Though these alkaloids are not truly composed of two identical monomeric units, they are popularly named dimers or dimeric alkaloids. We prefer to avoid this incorrect nomenclature and would like to encourage the use of the more adequate binary terminology. In another consideration of nomenclature, we describe quaternary salts derived from an imine functionality as imonium salts, in accord with the descriptor for other onium salts (ammonium, oxonium, etc.), rather than by the frequently used iminium terminology. This nomenclature was suggested earlier (/). 

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