Function of in human body

Physiology is the study of the functions of the human body. In other words, the mechanisms by which the various organs and tissues carry out their specific activities are considered. Emphasis is often placed on the processes that control and regulate these functions. In order for the body to function optimally, conditions within the body, referred to as the internal environment, must be very carefully regulated. Therefore, many important variables, such as body temperature, blood pressure, blood glucose, oxygen and carbon dioxide content of the blood, as well as electrolyte balance, are actively maintained within narrow physiological limits. 

A full set of studies normally includes short-term and long-term animal studies on chronic effects and potential carcinogenicity, studies on reproductive and developmental toxicity, genotoxicity, kinetics and metabolism, pharmacological properties and special studies depending on the characteristics of the substance and observation in the standard set of studies. Human clinical studies may be necessary for substances which are metabolised and may interfere with functions of the human body. 

An active ingredient that is intended to furnish pharmacological activity or other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of a disease, or to affect the structure of any function of the human body, but does not include intermediates used in the synthesis of such ingredient. ... 

Enzymes are involved in many functions of the human body, including digestion and metabolism. For example, the enzyme lactase is responsible for catalyzing the breakdown of lactose, a sugar found in milk. People who are lactose-intolerant are usually missing lactase, or they have insufficient amounts. If you are lactose-intolerant, you can take commercially produced supplements that contain lactase. 

Zinc is a microelement essential for proper functioning of the human body. The level of daily demand for zinc was established as 13 to 16 mg (Ziemlahski, 2001). Zinc plays a role in protein and carbohydrate metabolism and is a component of over 60 metaloenzymes, including alkaline phosphatase, pancreatic carboxypeptidases A and B, alcoholic and lactic dehydrogenases, carbonate anhydrase, and proteases. It also forms bonds with nucleic acids -which is very important for their functioning (Prasad, 1983 Valee and Falchuk, 1993). 

Vitamins are a group of unrelated chemical substances that are essential in small amounts for the regulation of normal metabolism, growth, and function of the human body. Not all of the vitamins can be synthesized in the body, and therefore, some vitamins must be obtained from an external source, such as a proper well-balanced diet or dietary supplements. 

Essential though sodium is to the normal functioning of the human body, there has been considerable concern over the last few years, about the amount of salt in the diet. This concern centers mainly on possible relationship between salt and hypertension (high blood pressure). 

Neither animal nor human toxicity studies of Salvia divinorum have been done. Very little scientific data exist in regard to adverse effects of the substance on the functioning of the human body. However, hallucinogens have been associated with harmful mental effects. 

DNA base pairs containing an estimated 20,000 -25,000 genes.3,4 Each gene codes for a protein, and these proteins carry out all the functions of the human body, laying out how it grows and works. These genes and proteins can also be involved in disease. Hence, scientists are able to understand the inner workings of human disease at both the tissue level and the molecular level. 

Ionic compounds are not found in the chemistry of the essential oil compounds. However, they are very important in the functioning of the human body. Because they conduct electricity they are often called electrolytes. For this reason body fluids such as blood plasma and urine are often analysed for electrolytes as their levels can be a useful diagnostic tool. 

As a result of their mental experiences, many users have become more ajvare of what the body s needs are and how to take care of them, and these people have given impetus to the renaissance in organic farming, herbal lore, health foods and many other nature-inspired practices for improving the functioning of the human body. 

This transmutation of the subtle force working through the interior stars has a triple consequence. It leads to spiritual illumination. It presents the alchemist with radiant health, due to the perfect combination and coordination of chemical and electrical energies, which maintain the form and functioning of the human body. And finally, this process opens the activity of powers which are normally dormant in most human beings. Paracelsus said, "You will transmute nothing if you have not first transmuted yourself."... 

An imbalance in mineral component economy leads to disturbances in cell functions and the appearance of disease symptoms. The human-transformed natural environment usually deteriorates and exerts a negative influence on our health and food quality. The presence and availability of some mineral elements vital for the proper functioning of the human body are particularly vulnerable to such adverse changes. Diet and the chemical elements in food can affect the risk of contracting diseases to various extents. An inappropriate diet is a factor favouring the development of circulatory diseases and carcinomas [3] (the main causes of premature death) and has become a serious social and economic problem. 

Stoll (26) compared the actions of atropine and methylatroplnlum nitrate on several functions of the human body Methylatroplnlum nitrate at 10 iig/kg produced mean Increases (four subjects) In pulse race twice chose produced by the same dose of atropine. In a series of experiments In which subjects were given identical doses (20 >ig/kg) of the two drugs, they were found to have almost Identical effects on pulse rate. Methylatroplnlum nitrate Induced somewhat greater Increases in the mean... 

Cosmetics and drugs are distinctly different on the basis of U.S. law. In principle, cosmetics may not contain ingredients that treat or prevent disease or alter the structure or function of the human body. The objective of cosmetics is limited to the enhancement of appearance. 

Moreover, Stevia and stevioside are used extensively in countries like Paraguay, Brasil, Japan, China, USA etc. and no indications were found of effects on the bioavailability of other nutrients or on other physiological functions of the human body. Stevia and stevioside have been consumed by hundreds of millions of people and this during a very long period of time, both by adults and by children without giving the smallest indication of any harmful effect. 

Despite the controversy over whether these products should be held to the same safety and efficacy standards as "conventional medicines," the DSHEA currently allows herbal labeling to carry claims about the product s ability to affect the structure or function of the human body or to promote general wellbeing (Kurtzweil, 1999). For example, a St. John s wort label may state, "Helps enhance general mental well-being," but it cannot state, "Cures depression." Likewise, a claim such as, "Improves memory and concentration" would be allowed on a ginkgo biloba product, but "Cures Alzheimer s disease" would not be allowed. For consumers, some structure/function claims may be difficult to distinguish from claims of disease treatment/prevention. For example, would most consumers understand that "Supports cardiovascular health" is not synonymous with "Prevents coronary artery disease" More study is needed in this area. 

While we have stressed the importance of chemistry to the health-related professions, this book was written for aU students that need a one or two semester introduction to chemistry. Our focus on the relationship between chemistry, the environment, medicine, and the function of the human body is an approach that can engage students in a variety of majors. 

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