Funaria

Fig. 16. Action spectra for bluelight-dependent morphogenetic responses (A) Bluelight-induced chloroplast rearrangement in Funaria leaves202-, ...

Fig. 18. Hypothetical orientation of the flavin photoreceptor within the plasma-lemma in cells of Funaria leaves202, based on known angles of flavin transition vectors in the blue105)...

Krupa, J. (1964). Studies on the physiology of germination of spores of Funaria hygrometrica (Sibth.). I. The influence of light on germination with respect to water balance and respiratory processes. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 33 177-192. 

It has been evidenced that auxin and ACC stimulate ethylene production in some lower plants, for example, in the moss Funaria hygrometrica and in the ferns Pteridium aquilinum and Matteuccia struthiopteris Moreover, ethylene synthesis via the ACC-dependent pathway and in the presence of endogenous ACC and its conjugate in marine unicellular Acetabularia algae was reported. Probably during the evolution of land plants, a relatively primitive pathway of ethylene production was replaced by the ACC-dependent synthesis pathway that now predominates. 

Comeau and Le Blanc found that a 4-h exposure of Funaria ky grometrica to ozone at 0.25-1.00 ppm stimulated the regenerative capacity of the moss leaves. This was not true for 6- and 8-h exposures. 

Comeau, G., and F. LeBlanc. Influence de I ozone et de I anhydride sulfureaux sur la regraeration des feuilles de Funaria kygrometrica. HEDW. Natural. Can. 98 347-358, 1971. 

Padidam, M., Venkatesvarlu, K. Johri, M.M. (1991). Ammonium represses NADPH-nitrate reductase in the moss Funaria hygrometrica. Plant Science 75, 184-94. 

Order 3.— Bryales, or true mosses, comprising the most highly evolved type of bryophytes. Examples Polytrichum, Funaria, Hypnum, and Mnium. 

Evidence for the causal connection between concentrations of endogenous phytohormones and the physiological response comes from studies of the metabolism of the hormones in wild types and mutants [7,9,15]. Such mutants exist for Funaria as well as for Physcomitrella. 

Fig. 3. Funaria hygrometrica Bud induction by kinetin in isolated single cells a, b) and intact filaments (c, d).

The precise mode of PCIB action in Funaria is unknown as yet. In the rhizoids, 10 pM PCIB reduces the polar, basipetal transport to about 40% of the control [20]. In maize coleoptiles and Cucurbita hypocotyls, PCIB specifically competes with lAA for lAA-binding sites in vitro [8, 10]. The delay in caulonema production by... 

Cells of Funaria hygrometrica protonema were cultured at an initial inoculum density of 0.05 mg mb in MMG buffered with 15 mM, pH 5.0 sodium succinate buffer. 

Table 3. Rhizoid formation with lAA in the mutant 72 of Funaria hygrometric(f...

Cells of Funaria hygrometrica were cultured in MMG at an inoculum density of 0.05 mg ml. Responses were scored 6 days after culture. The pH of the medium in lAA-treated cultures of the mutant remains below 5. Predominant implies > 80% filaments. The mutant was isolated following mutagenesis with nitrosomethyl urea and was identified directly on the basis of altered morphology on lAA-containing medium (MMJ unpublished). Fresh weight in control was 0.68 g 1. ... 

Fig. 1A,B. Fluorescence micrographs of Funaria processed for immunocytochemical localization of BA. A Chloronema cells exhibit little fluorescence along the length of the cell or at the distal d) end. There is some punctate autofluorescence from chloroplasts. B In contrast, target caulonema cells have bright fluorescence at the distal (d) end, at the presumptive bud site. Bar 50 jam...

These data support the hypothesis that cytokinin exerts at least part of its effect by stimulating Ca uptake by responsive cells. It can be hypothesized that the polarized response of cytoplasmic rearrangement and asymmetrical division that occurs in Funaria caulonema cells after cytokinin treatment is a result of localized cytokinin binding to the distal end of these cells. This may have direct results on specific ion channels leading to a spatially controlled change in intracellular Ca. Localization of receptors may be a general mechanism to establish subcellular positional information, which is essential for plant morphogenesis. 

Reiss H.D., Schnepf E., and Herth W. 1984. The plasma membrane of the Funaria caulonema tip cell morphology and distribution of particle rosettes, and the kinetics of cellulose synthesis. Planta... 

Rudolph U., Gross H., and Schnepf E. 1989. Investigation of the turnover of the putative cellulose-synthesizing particle rosettes within the plasma membrane of Funaria hygrometrica protonema cells. Protoplasma 148 57-69. 

Shaw, J., Anderson, L. E. and Mishler, B. D. (1989) Peristome development in mosses in relation to systematics and evolution. HI. Funaria hygrometrica, Bryum pseudocapillare, and B. bicolor. Systematic Botany, 14 24-36. 

Funaria hygrometrica Hedw. M. L. Sargent June 6, 1980 (UC-Culture) U.S., Illinois — AF226818 — —... 

Macromitrium Mittenia Grimmia Racomitrium Dicranum Funaria... 

The phylogenetic position of Mittenia complanata is consistent with inclusion in the haplolepidous mosses rather than diplolepidous-altemate mosses, from a combined evidence analysis using Funaria as an outgroup. Therefore, the use of Mittenia as an outgroup is justified in the atpB analysis. Taxon sampling prevents a more exact inference of its nearest relatives. 

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