Fullerenated poly

The pure bulk-phase behavior was studied on blends consisting of poly(acryhc acidj/hydroxypropyl cellulose [44], poly(2-vinylpyridine)/end-sufonic acid poly(styrene) [45], and poly(acryHc acid)/poly(N,N-dimethyl-acrylamide) [46]. Goh et al. [47,48] and others [49] have studied an interesting example of [60]fullerenated poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) with poly(l-vinylimidazole) or poly(4-vinylpyridine) or poly(styrene-co-4-... 

Goh HW, Goh SH, Xu GQ (2002) Synthesis and miscibility studies of [60] fullerenated poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate). J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 40 1157-1166... 

Several studies have demonstrated the successful incoriDoration of [60]fullerene into polymeric stmctures by following two general concepts (i) in-chain addition, so called pearl necklace type polymers or (ii) on-chain addition pendant polymers. Pendant copolymers emerge predominantly from the controlled mono- and multiple functionalization of the fullerene core with different amine-, azide-, ethylene propylene terjDolymer, polystyrene, poly(oxyethylene) and poly(oxypropylene) precursors [63,64,65,66,62 and 66]. On the other hand, (-CggPd-) polymers of the pearl necklace type were fonned via the periodic linkage of [60]fullerene and Pd monomer units after their initial reaction with thep-xy y ene diradical [69,70 and 71]. 

Another interesting applications area for fullerenes is based on materials that can be fabricated using fullerene-doped polymers. Polyvinylcarbazole (PVK) and other selected polymers, such as poly(paraphcnylene-vinylene) (PPV) and phenylmethylpolysilane (PMPS), doped with a mixture of Cgo and C70 have been reported to exhibit exceptionally good photoconductive properties [206, 207, 208] which may lead to the development of future polymeric photoconductive materials. Small concentrations of fullerenes (e.g., by weight) lead to charge transfer of the photo-excited electrons in the polymer to the fullerenes, thereby promoting the conduction of mobile holes in the polymer [209]. Fullerene-doped polymers also have significant potential for use in applications, such as photo-diodes, photo-voltaic devices and as photo-refractive materials. 

In a recent study, poly(aryl ether) dendritic branches terminated with triethyleneglycol chains were attached to Cgg [66] dendrimer 32 represents the fourth generation. The photophysical properties of these fullerodendrimers have been systematically investigated in three solvents, namely toluene, dichloromethane, and acetonitrile. On increasing dendrimer generation, it has been found that in each solvent (i) the maximum of the fullerene fluorescence band is red-shifted... 

The elution of [60]- and [70]fullerenes was measured in water-methanol as a function of temperature on a poly(octadecylsiloxane) phase.67 The retention was shown to be dependent on the surface tension of the stationary phase through a simple geometrical model in which the solute formed a cavity in the stationary phase. In affinity chromatography, it was demonstrated that low ligand density may be a requirement for specificity of binding.68... 

Kraus, A. and Mullen, K., [60]fullerene-containing poly(dimethylsiloxane)s easy access to soluble polymers with high fullerene content, Macromolecules, 32, 4214, 1999. 

The fullerene C o was used as the Unking agent for the synthesis of (PCHD-fc-PS)6 and (PS-fc-PCHD)6 star-block copolymers [154], The polymers were then aromatized with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-l,4-benzoquinone, DDQ, in 1,2-dichlorobenzene to yield the corresponding copolymers containing poly(l,4-phenylene) blocks. In order to achieve high 1,4-isomer contents and to avoid termination reactions, the polymerization of CHD was conducted in toluene at 10 °C without the presence of any additive to yield products with low molecular weights. Coupling of the PCHD-fo-PSLi to C60... 

Fullerene Cgo also functions efficiently as an antioxidant, actually being better than other lipid-soluble antioxidants at scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Wang et al., 1999). Water-soluble derivatives of C o, such as a poly-hydroxyl form, are able to function in the same respect in aqueous environments. 

Various commercial suppliers now offer fullerene derivatives with functionalities available for bioconjugation, including carboxylic and poly-hydroxylic derivatives, which are very hydrophilic and water-soluble (BuckyUSA, NanoLab, NanoNB, Nano-C, and Aldrich). 

Higashi N, Shosu T, Koga T, Niwa M, Tanigawa T (2006) pH-responsive, self-assembling nanoparticle from a fullerene-tagged poly(L-glutamic acid) and its superoxide dismutase mimetic property. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 298 118-123. 

As the AO with a direct nonspecific mechanism of action we have chosen Hypoxene - sodium poly(2,5-dihydroxiphenyl)-4-thiosulfonate. Besides a direct AO effect as a scavenger of free radicals it exerts an anti-hypoxic effect shunting I and II complexes of mitochondrial respiratory chain, which are inhibited as a consequence of hypoxia (Eropkin et al., 2007). Hypoxene was introduced into cell incubation media before illumination and left during cells further incubation. Hypoxene in the concentration of 40pg/ml, comparable to doses applied in vivo, completely blocked C60-induced phototoxicity (Table 7.3). Cellular viability has completely recovered to control level, which is a convincing evidence of free radical nature of cellular damage in photodynamic effect of fullerene. 

Kiselev O, Kozeletskaya K, Melenevskaya E et al. (1998a) The antiviral activity of the complex of fullerene C60 with poly(N-vinyl-pyrrolidone). Mol Mat. 11 121-124. 

Kiselev O, Kozeletskaia KN, Melenevskaia EYu et al. (1998b) Antiviral activity of fullerene (60 )C complexed with poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone). Dokl AkadNauk. 361 547-549 (Russian). 

Krakovjak MG, Anufrieva EV, Piotrovskij LB et al. (2005b) Water-soluble complex of fullerene with poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone and method for preparing these complexes. Russian patent RU 2 255 942 20.02.2005. 

Krakovjak MG, Anufrieva EV, Anan eva TD et al. (2006) Water-soluble complexes of poly(N-vinylamides) of various structures with C60 and C70 fullerenes. Polym Sci Ser A. 48 590-595. 

Piotrovsky LB, Dumpis MA, Poznyakova LN et al. (2000) Study of the biological activity of the adducts of fullerenes with poly(N-vinylpyrrolidine). Mol Mat. 13 41-50. 

Podol skii IYa, Kondrat eva EV, Shcheglov IV et al. (2002) Fullerene C60 complexed with poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) prevents the disturbance of long-term memory consolidation. Phys Solid States. 44 552-554. 

Vinogradova LV, Melenevskaya EYu, Khachaturov AS et al. (1998) Water soluble complexes of fullerene C60 with poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone. Vysokomol Soed. 40 1854-1862 (Russian). 

Li G, Mianami N (2003) Increase of photoluminescence from fullerenes-doped poly (alkyl methacrylate) under laser irradiation. Journal of Photoluminescence 104 207. 

Tabata Y, Murakami Y, Ikada Y (1997) Antitumor effect of poly(ethylene glycol)-modified fullerene. Fullerene Sci. Technol. 5 989-1007. 

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