Nozzles full-cone spray

Approximate Particle Sizes From Liquid Full Cone Spray Nozzles ... 

Figure 9-8L. Full cone spray nozzle as used for liquid distribution. Used by permission of Spraying Systems, Co., Cat. 55.

Figure 4.5. Spray patterns for hollow- and full-cone spray nozzles. (BETE Fog Nozzle, Inc., 1994).

The most serious error made by Shell was not dispersing the water into the pipe with full-cone spray nozzles. Other errors that may have contributed to the failure are ... 

Hansen and Danos (1982) report on experience with a large (18 ft X 8H ft X 46 ft) cross-flow scrubber in a phosphoric acid plant. The scrubber consisted of a spray chamber followed by multiple packed beds of plastic woven mesh. With regard to the spray chamber section of the scrubber, they conclude that a spray nozzle pressure over 60 psig is required to attain 80% fluoride removal efficiency (1.5 transfer units) the amount of spray chamber water should be about 20 to 30 gpm/1,000 acfin and full cone spray nozzles directed countercurrent to the gas flow are preferred. The plastic woven mesh may be irrigated with low-pressure co-current sprays however, the nozzles should be mounted so that they are equidis-... 

Full cone spray nozzles should be used with overlapping spray patterns arranged so that no areas are left unwashed. 

Spray distributors (Fig. 14-68b) are pipe headers with spray nozzles fitted on the underside. The spray nozzles are typically wide-angle (often 120°) full-cone. Spray distributors are unpopular in distillation but are common in heat transfer, washing and scrubbing services... 

The differences in full- and hollow-cone spray patterns can be seen in Figure 4.5. In this figure the spray flux, gpm/ft2, is plotted versus the radial distance from the center line of the spray nozzle. For the hollow-cone spray there is very little water at the center of the spray. Instead, it is all at the outer edge. Conversely, for the full-cone spray, the water is fairly evenly distributed radially about the center line of the nozzle. 

Fig. 24.38 The swirl inserts in a swirl nozzle with axial flow, for (a) hollow cone spray, and (b) a full cone spray (Courtesy of Lechler, Inc.)...

Fog jet Gas cooling/de-super heaters 130 Fine full cone spray from a cluster of nozzles... 

Fig. 12.24 Mean particle size measured with the SE-C2900-PH600-Sensor and Sauter mean diameter X1.2 measured with a laser scattering spectroscope and mean particle size calculated from simulated transmission signals for water sprays, generated with a full cone pressure nozzle (Lechler 460.403), as function of the atomization pressure p...

Figure 9-8K. Spray nozzle distributor using full-cone wide-angle spray nozzles (depends on tower diameter). Not recommended for distillation applications, where the point-type distributors provide higher packing efficiency. Used by permission of Nutter Engineering, Harsco Corp., Bull. TI-1.

Swirl-spray nozzles Hollow cone, full 2-25 kg/kg... 

This system is designed to clean the freeze-drying chamber and condenser with water for injection. Spraying with WFI at an inlet temperature of (provide value) °C effects cleaning of the chamber. There are jet rods installed in the drying chamber and the pathway to the condenser. The position of these rods as well as the distribution of the spray jets provides good coverage all over the interior surfaces of the chamber with WFI. The jet rods are equipped with full cone and flat jet nozzles. 

Conical sprays can be further broken down into either full-cone or hollow-cone sprays. In the hollow cone pattern all of the spray is located at the surface of the cone produced by the nozzle and none of it is inside the cone. In the full cone pattern the liquid being sprayed fills the cone pattern produced by the nozzle. 

Another type of distributor, not shown in Fig. 14-64, is the spray nozzle. It is usually not recommended for liquid distribution for two reasons. First, except for small columns, it is difficult to obtain a uniform spray pattern for the packing. The full-cone nozzle type is usually used, with the need for a bank of nozzles in larger columns. When there is more than one nozzle, the problem of overlap or underlap arises. A second reason for not using spray nozzles is fiieir tendency toward entrainment by the gas, especi ly the smaller droplets in the spray size distribution. However, some mass transfer in the spray can be expected. 

The spray nozzle is not widely used. If more than one nozzle is used, it is difficult to obtain a uniform spray pattern because of overlap and underlap of the patterns. Also, liquid entrainment from the sprays is a problem. Spray distributors are sometimes used in petroleum refinery vacuum columns. The full cone nozzle is normally used, singly or in banks. 

Keywords Air blast Air assist Discharge coefficient Effervescent Electrostatic Hat fan nozzles Full cone Hydraulic Hollow cone Rotary SMD Spray angle Spray impact Spray pattern Swirl Twin fluid Ultrasoiuc... 

The last nozzle attribute to be discussed is spray pattern, which refers to the shape in which the liquid droplets are distributed rather than the amount of liquid itself. Many different spray patterns exist, such as the hollow cone, full cone and flat fan. These are discussed in more detail in the next section. 

The cooling line is mostly a soldered (Cu-tube) or a welded (VA-tube) tube system with screwed in full-cone nozzles. The spray nozzles should have a large taper angle to be able to design the cooling line in the limited space of the steam chamber. The positioning of the nozzles has to be done so that a uniform spray pattern will follow and all surfaces of the mold wall are cooled uniformly. Multiple occupancy of a mold with more molded parts and deep molded parts is necessary to build an antler-like structure. 

There are other comments to be made about this type of application. The liquid spray nozzle should supply liquid to the face of the mixing elements without appreciably wetting the vessel wall. A 30° full cone nozzle is typically used. Ideally, the spray should consist of droplets in the range 1000 to 2000 p-m range. A quick review of spay nozzle literature indicates that the appropriate spray nozzle for 44 gal/min of alkaline water would operate at about 100 psi pressure drop. Multiple nozzles could be used if a lower liquid-side pressure drop is desired. Fine atomization spray nozzles should be avoided since fine spray drops are difficult to separate in downstream mist eliminator equipment. A Alter or strainer should be installed on the liquid feed to prevent plugging the feed nozzle, especially if the nozzle orifice size is small. 

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