Fukushima Prefecture

As the disaster unfolded, it quickly became apparent that the civilian population surrounding the Fukushima Diaiichi site would need to be evacuated. Because the nuclear crisis developed quickly and grew exponentially over a short time period, the scale of the evacuation rapidly expanded. The original evacuation order was given at about 9 pm, March 11,2011 only 6h after the tsunami hit (Corrice, 2012). It called for the evacuation of a 2 km radius around the plant. Six hours later, this order was expanded to 3 km. At the 15 h mark, the government increased the evacuation zone to 10 km (Corrice, 2012). Shortly after 24 h, the zone was expanded again to its final 20 km size. In all, 628 km of inhabited area was evacuated (Corrice, 2012). 

Approximately 78,000 individuals were initially affected by the evacuation orders (Corrice, 2012). However, as the pattern of radiation contamination became more clear, in April 2011 the government evacuated an additional 10,000 citizens from a region north and west of the plant. Evacuated residents either moved in with family or friends, moved into apartments, existing government housing, or to temporary shelters. 

Once evacuated, no one was allowed to return to the affected areas for several years. Starting in 2013, some residents were allowed to visit their homes for short periods. The first batch of residents were allowed to permanently return home on April 1, 2014—3 years after the disaster. At present, there are nearly a dozen cities within the evacuation zone that are categorized as ready to return. The criteria for becoming ready to return is based on a conservative analysis of radiation dose rates and the expected duration that people will remain outdoors. The limit is 

Radioactive materials spread over wide areas including the high dose rate regions in the North-West of Fukushima plant.  

20 mSv/year accumulated radiation dose (about lOx the natural background level, but well below the level believed to incur biological damage). Naraha is the first of the seven municipalities that had to be completely evacuated to have its evacuation order lifted. Other towns in the region are also beginning to allow some residents to return (Fig. 9.3) (World Nuclear News, 2014b). 

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Kawai, T. (1976) Ag-Se-S mineral from Takatama mine, Fukushima Prefecture (ads). Annual Joint Meet. Mining Geol. Min. and Assoc. Min. Petrol, and Econ. Geol., p. 2 (in Japanese). 

Kitami, M. (1973) Recent exploration and development of the Takatama gold and silver mine, Fukushima Prefecture. Mining Geology, 23, 191-197 (in Japanese). 

Materials. The following shellfish specimens were collected for toxin analysis from the northeastern part of Honshu, Japan, during the infestation period the mussel Mytilus edulis at Miyagi Prefecture, the scallop Patinopeoten yessoensis at Aomori Prefecture, the short-necked clam Tapes japonioa at Fukushima Prefecture, and Gom-phina melanaegis at Ibaraki Prefecture. 

Hirai, O., S. Akiyama, K. Ono and H. Kawakatsu (1984). Manufacturing Trial of Art and Packing Paper Utilized the Odds and Ends of Tgusa , Report of the Fukushima Industrial Research Institute of Fukushima Prefecture 1983, Fukushima, Japan, pp. 49-53. 

The rock used in this study was lidate Granite, which was taken from a quarry in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. lidate Granite is a coarse-grained rock of average grain size of 1.5mm and is composed of 37.1% quartz, 34.0% K-feldspar, 6.3% plagioclase and other minerals. 

Fukushima Prefecture Agricultural Research Station. 1989. Effect of Long Term Fertilization Management on Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties of Soli," Research Report, Japan. 

Tazawa, J. and Niigata Pre-Tertiary Research Group (1999) Permian hrachiopods from the Okutadami area, near the boundary between Niigata and Fukushima Prefectures, central Japan and their tectonic implications.of the Geological Society of Japan, 105, 729-732 (in Japanese). 

All the wild mushrooms were collected in Ibaraki, Tochigi, and Fukushima prefectures, Japan, except for one >ecimen of Morchella esculenta, which was collected and air dried in Canada. Cultivated mushrooms were obtained from Dr. A. Sekiya of which Forestry and Fmest Products Research Institute, Japan. All mushrooms were lyophilized after removal of stray materials. Fragments of dried mushroom (10 mg and 50 mg) were bioassayed by standard procedures (Figure 3). Because of its sensitivity to various chemicals, lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. 

The strongest tsunami consequences occurred (north to south) from the town of Fudai (in northern part of Iwate Prefecture) down to Iwaki (in the southern part of Fukushima Prefecture). In total it was estimated that around 600 km of land was flooded, where around 600,000 people lived. Around 18,500 people are dead or missing as a result of the tsunami, with... 

There were also significant secondary hazards other than the tsunami. Landslides were recorded in 208 locations and caused the loss of 19 lives (including 12 killed by the Hanokidaira landslide in Shirakawa city of Fukushima Prefecture). Extensive liquefaction occurred on the northern shores of Tokyo Bay particularly in Urayasu town (Chiba Prefecture). Fires occurred in the Cosmo Oil s refinery in Ichihara town (Chiba Prefecture) as well as in Kesennuma and Natori (Miyagi Prefecture) during and after the tsunami. 

Soil samples were collected from pollution-free sites (6 paddy fields, 7 upland fields and 12 forests) in Hokkaido, Fukushima, Shizuoka, Saga Prefectures in Japan and analyzed for bismuth . Average, maximum and minimum values of bismuth and antimony concentrations obtained in dry base were 0.34,0.12 and 0.91 figBig, and 0.37,0.13 and 0.91 fig Sbg respectively. 

Fukushima H, Gomyoda M, Kaneko S Wild animals as the source of infection with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in Shimane Prefecture, Japan. Contrib Microbiol Immunol 1991 12 1—4. 

Once a design was selected, several separate nuclear power plants were constructed in Fukushima. The two most important plants in the prefecture were the Fukushima Daiichi (daiichi means first ) and Fukushima Daiini ( second ) nuclear power plant complexes. In 1966, Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCo) applied... 

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