Fuels alternate gaseous

The main advantage of liquid fuels over their gaseous fuel alternatives is the extremely high energy density (thermal energy/volume ratio). Typically they would have a GCV of 40 MJ/kg, which in volumetric terms is equivalent to 33,000 MJ/Nm compared with natural gas at about 34 MJ/Nm. Heavy fuel oils are blended products based on the residues from various refinery distillation and cracking processes. 

Malenshek, M., Olsen, D.B. 2009. Methane number testing of alternative gaseous fuels. Fuel 88 650-656. 

Turbo-alternators These find an application in pipeline cathodic protection systems, particularly where the liquid or gaseous product in the pipeline can be used as a fuel. The turbo-alternator is usually supplied as part of a complete and fully assembled package incorporating fuel pressure controls, filters, a.c./d.c. conversion and d.c. output controls. System capacity would typically fall within the range 200-3(XX)W. 

Carbon (coke) consumption, as a fuel and as a producer of the gaseous reductant, carbon monoxide, takes place in the blast furnace. An alternative source of such carbon, along with... 

Gas-to-liquids plants are generally located close to natural gas fields, as the transport costs for liquid fuels are less than those for gaseous fuels. The production of GTL is considered to be an alternative to liquefied natural gas (LNG), specifically when focusing on the end-product vehicle fuel and not the long distance transport of energy. In 1993, a first large-scale GTL plant was erected by Shell in Bintulu, Sarawak in Malaysia, based on Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The plant s total thermal process efficiency is about 63% (Shell, 1995) (see Table 7.11) a second plant is under construction in Qatar, with production expected to begin in 2010. 

The terms synthetic fuel and alternative fuel are closely related, but not truly synonymous. Synthetic fuel was coined as a term in the middle of the twentieth century to include gaseous, liquid and solid fuels produced from coal, oil shale, tar sands, and biomass. Alternative fuel appeared as a popular phrase during the latter years of the twentieth century which referred to fuels that were not totally based on petroleum and held potential as clean-burning, low-polluting, commercially viable fuel resources. 

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