Fuel Properties of Hydrogen

The bond energy of the H-H bond is 431 kJ/mol. Electron affinity of hydrogen is low (-72 kJ/mol), where hydrogen reacts in this marmer only with the most reactive metals. The ionization potential of hydrogen is relatively high (1312 kJ/mol). Hydrogen bums with a veiy hot flame and explosion in air  

Hydrogen reacts with the reactive metals to produce metal hydrides  

Hydrogen reacts with many metal oxides to produce water and the free metal CuO(s) + H,(g) Cu(s) + H,0(g) (5.3) 

Some of these reactions are employed in the metallurgy of oxide ores, for example, in the commercial production of tungsten metal. WO3 in Eq. 5.4 is reduced to the free metal by hydrogen. 

CO and Hj react at high temperatures in the presence of a catalyst to produce methanol  

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Demirbas, A. 2002. Fuel properties of hydrogen, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and compressed natural gas (CNG) for transportation. Energy Sources 24 601-610. 

Table 2 shows some safety-related physical properties of hydrogen as compared to two commonly accepted fuels, natural gas and gasoline. 

From the safety point of view, the following are the most important properties of hydrogen when compared to other conventional fuels ... 

Proper codes and standards need to be adopted for effective utilization of hydrogen fuel (Chapter 14). Fuel and safety properties of hydrogen are different from conventional... 

Chapter 9 addresses the fundamental chemical and physical properties of hydrogen and how they play out when using hydrogen as vehicle fuel. 

The Germans used hydrogen peroxide of 80-85% concentration, alone or in mixtures with combustibles, as a fuel for the big V2 rockets during World War II. The utilization of hydrogen peroxide for rocket propulsion and the explosive properties of hydrogen peroxide and its mixtures will be discussed in later sections (pp. 299, 307). 

Selected Properties of Hydrogen and Other Fuel Gases, 109... 

The risk to the public during consumer end use of hydrogen derives from the possibility of accidental fire and explosion, a direct consequence of the physical and chemical properties of hydrogen. These properties help to define the kinds of safety issues that must be addressed, the fundamental design goals for hydrogen systems, and the operational limitations of these systems. Table 9-1 summarizes the properties of hydrogen in contrast with those of other commonly used fuels. 

M. Momirlana and T.N.Veziroglub, The properties of hydrogen as fuel tomorrow in sustainable energy system for a cleaner planet, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 30, 795 (2005). 

Table 2.3. Safety-related properties of hydrogen and other fuels (with use of Dell and Bridger, 1975 Zittel and Wurster, 1996).

The majority of hydrogen safety studies focus on the properties of hydrogen as such, in relation to burning, to explosions and to diffusion into unwanted locations. The basic properties of hydrogen were compared to those of other fuels in Table 2.3 in Chapter 2, section 2.3.3. Some of these numbers are still being refined by new measurements, e.g., the flammability safety limits (Chan et al, 2004). 

Chapter 4 showed that despite the broad desirability of fusion as an energy source it is necessary to implement a manufactured chemical fuel for energy transport, storage and as a transportation fuel. This Chapter will be shown that hydrogen is certainly the optimum, and very likely the only, choice for the chemical fuel. The fuel use properties of hydrogen will be reviewed along with its detailed chemical and physical properties. 

Because of the catalyst shape selectivity, most products are methyl-branched iso-olefins. Tn the Cg to CJ0 range, branched iso-olefins have good octane rating. In the CJ0 to CJ0 range isoparaffins have good distillate fuel properties after hydrogenation. 

The properties of hydrogen are detailed in Section 1. The properties that contribute to its use as a combustible fuel are its ... 

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