Processed Fuels

U.S. chlorine trifluoride production is several metric tons per year. Most of the product is used in nuclear fuel processing. A large production plant for chlorine trifluoride was operated in Germany during World War II with a reported capacity of 5 t/d (106,107). As of 1993, Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. was the only U.S. producer. The 1992 price was ca 100/kg. 

J. S. Sinninghe Damste andj. W. de Leeuw, Fuel Processing Technol 30, 109 (1992). 

J. T. Long, Engineeringfor Nuclear Fuel Processing, American Nuclear Society, LaGrange Park, lU., 1978. 

J. C. Miller andM. Misra, Fuel Process. Technol 6, 27 (1982). 

The simplest dicarboxylate ligand is oxalate, 020 . Thorium oxalate complexes have been used to produce high density fuel pellets, which improve nuclear fuel processes (73). The stabiUty of oxalate complexes and the relevance to waste disposal have also been studied (74). Many thorium oxalate complexes are known, ranging from the simple Th(C20 2 >5rl2 complex salts such as where n = 4, 5, or 6 and where the counterions... 

The hydrolysis of the uranyl(VI) ion, UO " 2> has been studied extensively and begins at about pH 3. In solutions containing less than lO " M uranium, the first hydrolysis product is the monomeric U02(OH)", as confirmed using time-resolved laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy. At higher uranium concentrations, it is accepted that polymeric U(VI) species are predominant in solution, and the first hydrolysis product is then the dimer, (U02)2(0H) " 2 (154,170). Further hydrolysis products include the trimeric uranyl hydroxide complexes (U02)3(0H) " 4 and (1102)3(OH)(154). At higher pH, hydrous uranyl hydroxide precipitate is the stable species (171). In studying the sol-gel U02-ceramic fuel process, O nmr was used to observe the formation of a trimeric hydrolysis product, ((U02)3( -l3-0)(p.2-0H)3) which then condenses into polymeric layers of a gel based on the... 

Fig. 3. Refinery process for gas turbine fuels. Processing may include hydrogen treating.

Reneganathan, K., Zondlo, J. W., Mintz, E. A., Kneisl, P., and Stiller, A. H., Preparation of an ultra-low ash coal extract under mild conditions. Fuel Processing Technology, 1988, 18, 273 278. 

Figure 3.21 A simplified block flow diagram of a tire-to-fuel process,...

Atomic power production The necessity for avoiding contamination of operative liquids, together with other requirements which must be met in selecting constructional materials in this highly specialised field has resulted in the choice of austenitic steels for applications in heat exchangers, pressure vessels, pipelines and fuel processing. 

W. He and Kas Hemmes, Operating characteristics of a reformer for molten carbonate fuel-cell power-generation systems. Fuel Processing Technology, 67 (2000) 61. 

The second example describes distributed, mobile and portable power-generation systems for proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells [106]. A main application is fuel processing units for fuel cell-powered automobiles it is hoped that such processing units may be achieved with a volume of less than 8 1. 

Many authors mention the use of micro reactors for fuel processing as one of the most promising fields [1,104]. Wegeng et al. point at using this micro-fuel processing for transportation [Ij. The placement of reformers imder the hood of an automobile for converting liquid hydrocarbons to hydrogen is explicitly mentioned. 

Fuel processing is not discussed in a separate, detailed chapter within this book this will be done in Volume 2. 

ScHOUTEN, J. C., Rebrov, E., de Croon, M. H. J. M., Challenging prospects for microstructured reaction architectures in high-throughput catalyst screening, small scale fuel processing, and sustainable fine chemical synthesis, in Proceedings of the Micro Chemical Plant - International Workshop, pp. L5 (25-32) (4 Eebruary 2003), Kyoto, Japan. 

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