From Koppers-Totzek coal gasification

Figure 3.2 Flow sheet for ammonia production from Koppers-Totzek coal gasification. Source [2],...

So far only the Koppers - Totzek, Texaco and Lurgi gasifiers, and probably the Winkler process in some smaller installations, have been used in ammonia plants, but the successful demonstration of the Shell process in other applications make it a potential candidate for ammonia production, too. Additional processes in different stages of technical development are the HTW and the Dow process. Information on the status and the development in the gasification of coal can be obtained from [541], [545], [548] -[554],... 

Table 5-1 Oiaracteristic features of the steam-coal gasification processes after Lurgi, Winkler, Koppers-Totzek, from [30]... 

Fig. 5-7 Gas generator types for steam-coal gasification according to Lui gi (left), Winkler (middle), and Koppers-Totzek (right), from [66]...

The Prenflo Process (Pressurized Entrained Flow Gasification), an advanced 25-30 bar version of the atmospheric Koppers-Totzek process, is currendy on its way to becoming operative. A demonstration plant designed for a coal throughput of 2.0 t/h has been operating since 1986. Apart from the fact that the raw gas provided by this process is obtained at an elevated pressure, its improved coal conversion rate promises a markedly better cold gas efficiency. Initially, the new process variant was launched in cooperation between Koppers and SHELL, but it is now pursued by the former alone while SHELL went its own way. 

Besides the upcoming NH3 and methanol market, the fast development in Germany was mainly driven by the need to produce liquid fuels from domestic sources such as lignite, which was induced by both World Wars. And a technology for coal dust gasification - the Koppers-Totzek atmospheric entrained-flow process - was developed in Germany in the 1940s. 

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