From beef lung

Sulfur analysis provides a useful criterion of purity for heparins. As shown in Table II, heparins from different sources have sulfate-to-car-boxyl molar ratios of 1.9-2.55 1.00, the highest values being from beef-lung preparations. 

Howell88 considered it to be a derivative of D-glucuronic acid, but this view was not confirmed by Charles and Scott,89 who isolated a crystalline barium heparinate from beef lung and detected the presence in it of an amino sugar. 

Heparin was originally extracted from liver (hence its name), but commercial preparations are now obtained by extraction from beef lung or porcine gastric mucosa. 

Molecular Structure of the Galactogen from Beef Lung, M. L. Wolfrom, Gordon Sutherland, and Max Schlamowitz,y. Amer. Chem. Soc., 74, 4883-4886 (1952). 

A polysaccharide, isolated at first from pig skin in impure state , and thought to be identical to the chondroitin sulfate of cartilage, was found later to be chemically different, and was called chondroitin sulfate B . Further work established its presence in tendon, heart valves and aorta . The identity of this substance with a well characterized product possessing anticoagulant properties named /J-heparin , which had been isolated from the residual liquors of the preparation of heparin from beef lungs, was established. Since this polysaccharide is biologically and chemically different from the chondroitin sulfates, and from heparin, the name dermatan sulfate will be used in the present chapter. ... 

Klaus, M. A., J. A. Glements et al. 1961. Gomposition of surface-active material isolated from beef lung. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 47 1858-1859. 

Most of the common methods of isolation of heparin (described in sufficient detail in monographs128-30) are based on a procedure, developed by Charles and Scott,31 involving autolysis of the tissue (originally beef liver and beef lung), extraction with alkali, coagulation of proteins by heating, and precipitation of a heparin - protein complex by acidification. Heparin is recovered from the complex by reprecipitation with ethanol, or acetone, or both. Fats are removed by extraction with ethanol, and proteins by treatment with trypsin. Modifications of this proce-... 

BL = beef lung SM = sheep-intestinal mucosa PD = pig duodenum PM = pig-intestinal mucosa. 8 Residues per disaccharide unit.c Lipoproteinlipase-inducing units. Fractions from PM I. 

Heparin is a glycosaminoglycan extracted from animal tissues (porcine mucosa, beef lung, etc.). It is a mixture of molecules having a mean molecular weight of 15,000 Da. A pentasaccharide sequence found in approximately one third of the molecules binds to antithrombin in mammalian blood, enhancing its inhibitory effects on the enzymes thrombin, factor Xa, factor Vila, and factor IXa. The reaction is reversible, heparin being released after the antithrombin molecule binds to the procoagulant enzymes. Heparin binds to platelets, platelet factor-4 (which neutralizes it), histidine-rich GP vWp and a number of other proteins. Its half-life is about one hour in the circulation (18). Antibodies to heparin... 

Catecholamines inhibit phosphodiesterase from beef heart [44] and guinea-pig lung [45], and so does N, 2 -0-dibutyryl cyclic AMP [47] which has been used to mimic cyclic AMP effects as it is more lipid-soluble and, therefore, assumed to penetrate cell membranes more readily than cyclic AMP [6,46]. A large number of other drugs inhibit the phosphodiesterase activity of rat brain and cat heart [48]. 

Unfractionated Heparin Yes Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins (LMWHs) Extracted from porcine gut mucosa or beef lung f 15,000 30-90 min (dose dependent) 1 1 SC 30-70% (dose dependent)... 

Figure 4. Anticoagulant activity of individual heparin chains of beef-lung heparin. Chains were separated by electrophoresis of Upjohn beef-lung heparin Lot 517-042 with LKB carrier ampholine batch 18. The apparent molecular weights were obtained from electrophoresis in acrylamide by the technique of Hilborn and Anastassiadis (10). The anticoagulant activity was determined by the USP procedure comparing the individual fraction with the original heparin. The quantity was estimated by optical density of toluidine blue-stained band on gel. (2)...

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