Freund

However, after 1913, upon the retirement of Ida Freund (see below), women chemistry students from Newnham had to undertake the experimental component of their courses in the University Chemistry Laboratories. The women at Girton were able to keep their own laboratory until Beatrice Thomas (see below) retired in 1935. In the University Chemistry Laboratories, an entirely different atmosphere prevailed, as the arrival of women students was against the wishes of the male laboratory staff. They made life difficult for the women pioneers, as Ball remembered ... the lab boys took a delight in leaving some essential bit of apparatus out of our lists so that we had to walk the whole length of the lab to the store to ask for it. An ordeal for some of us, especially as they appeared to be too busy to attend to us for several minutes while we waited at the door. 32 

Though the smaller one, Newnham was regarded as the more science-oriented of the two Cambridge women s colleges. It was 

In a letter to her mother, Catherine Holt, one of the students of 1889, mentioned Freund  

During her youth, a cycling accident resulted in Freund having a leg amputated, but this did not affect her mobility, as Ball recalled  

Miss Freund was a terror to the first-year student, with her sharp rebuke for thoughtless mistakes. One grew to love her as time went on, though we laughed at her emphatic and odd use of English. Yet how brave she was trundling her crippled and, 

The esters obtained by acid or alkaline esterification are, in general, distinguished from the phenolic ethers 

It has been shown that the degree of electrol) ic conductivity of the sodium salt is a certain indication of the basicity of the corresponding acid. The method is of very general application, since insoluble acids 

German silver, platinoid, or manganin, the last is the best on account of its low temperature coefficient. The wire must be calibrated. For high resistances (itooo-200,000 Ohms) the special form of resistance 

The apparatus is arranged in the form of Kirchhoff s modification of the Wlieatstone bridge (Fig. 8), the connections being made with stout copper wire. The induction coil is enclosed in a sound tight case, or is 

The value of k is determined by measuring the conductivity of N/50 solution of potassium chloride, for which Kohlrausch found the values  

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ErtI G and Freund H J 1999 Catalysis and surface science Rhys. Today 52 41... 

Spiro M and Freund P L 1983 Colloidal catalysis J. Chem. Soo. Faraday Trans. 1 1649-58... 

The concept of a continuous gas solid chromatographic system was first reported by Freund et al. [5], as early as 1956, for the separation of acetylene from an acetylene-methane mixture. 

The system proposed by Freund et al. contained all the essential properties of the modern moving bed, or pseudo moving bed chromatographic systems. The procedure was extended by Scott [6], in 1958, to gas/liquid chromatography and... 

M. Freund, P. Benedek and L. Szepesy, "Vapour Phase Chromatogrphy",... 

Anhalonine and Lophophorine. Spath and Gangl showed that each of these alkaloids contains a methylenedioxy group and that the quarternary iodide prepared from dZ-anhalonine is identical with lophophorine methiodide so that lophophorine must be N-methylanhalonine. Anhalonine was synthesised from 3 4-methylenedioxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde by condensation with nitromethane, reduction of the product to the corresponding -ethylamine, the acetyl derivative (VII) of which, on treatment with phosphoric anhydride, condensed to 6-methoxy-7 8-methylenedioxy-l-methyl-3 4-dihydrofsoquinoline, m.p. 60-2°. This, on reduction, furnished the corresponding tetrahydrofsoquinoline, which proved to be anhalonine (VIII), and on conversion to the quaternary methiodide the latter was found to be lophophorine (IX) methiodide. The possible alternative, 8-methoxy-6 7-methylenedioxy-l 2-dimethyl-l 2 3 4-tetrahydrofsoquinoline, was prepared by Freund s method and the methiodide shown not to be identical with lophophorine methiodide. 

Constitution. Hydrastine contains two methoxyl groups and a methylenedioxy-group, and behaves as a tertiary base. The first insight into the inner structure of the base was obtained when Freund and Will showed that with dilute nitric acid it undergoes hydrolytic oxidation, yielding opianic acid and a new base hydrastinine, CiiHigOgN. This reaction is analogous with the similar hydrolytic oxidation of narcotine (p. 201) to opianic acid and cotarnine and hydrastinine is allied to cotarnine and can be prepared from it. 

CgHgOg [(OH)2(COOH)g = 1 2 4 5], rhombie prisms, forming an anhydride and melting at 247-5°. These observations show that hydrastie aeid is 4 5-methylenedioxyphthalie aeid. Freund and Laehman formulated these degradation produets of hydrastinine thus —-... 

This represents hydrastine as a seeondary amine and a free acid, though the alkaloid reacts with alkyl iodides on the whole as a tertiary amine and forms salts with alkalis rather as a lactone than as a free acid. These and other considerations led Freund and Rosenberg to suggest the alternative formula (IV), based on Roser s formula for narcotine (p. 204). 

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