Freshwater water chemistry

Winner, R.W. and H.A. Owen. 1991. Toxicity of copper to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlorophyceae) and Ceriodaphnia dubia (Crustacea) in relation to changes in water chemistry of a freshwater pond. Aquat. Toxicol. 21 157-170. 

Acid precipitation and the resulting higher acidity of freshwater bodies may result in severe dismption of feeding and migration, since both behaviors depend on water chemistry. Atlantic salmon [Salmo salar) alter responses to amino acids with changes in pH (Royce-Malmgren and Watson, 1987). In the... 

Effects of Water Chemistry on Bioavailability and Toxicity of Waterborne Cadmium, Copper, Nickel, Lead, and Zinc on Freshwater Organism Meyer, Clearwater, Doser, Rogaczewski, Hansen 2007... 

Methe and Zehr (1999) Freshwater Natural DOC Water chemistry and acidification 16S rRNA cloning and sequencing No N/A N/A p-Proteobacteria and y-Proteobacteria correlated with DOC... 

Shown in Fig. 9.9 are water-composition ranges for some humid-climate streams (in New Jersey), a dilute, freshwater lake (Lake Huron) and lake-bottom muds from the Great Lakes (Sutherland 1970), and deep-soil moisture from Pennsylvania (Sears 1976 Sears and Langmuir 1982). Lake Huron and the Delaware River are dilute, humid-climate waters. They both plot near the kaolinite-gibbsite boundary. Their composition can be described as water dominated. In other words, their chemistries are controlled chiefly by dilution with fresh rainfall and runoff, not by reactions with geological materials. In a study of acid rain (water-dominated) control of soil moisture and ground-water chemistry of a sandy aquifer in Denmark, Hansen and Postma (1995) found that pore waters were close to equilibrium with gibbsite and supersaturated with kaolinite (Fig. 9.9). Precipitation pH = 4.34 at the site, and log([K+]/lH+]) = -0.95. 

Trott, L.A. and Alongi, D.M. (1999) Variability in surface water chemistry and phytoplankton biomass in two tropical, tidally dominated mangrove creeks. Marine and Freshwater Research, 50, 151 15 7. 

Laboratory tests should simulate the water chemistry and operating conditions of the freshwater system. A sample of water from the system may be used if it is available. Immersion testing and electrochemical testing are commonly used for laboratory tests. Laboratory tests are often used to simulate a process in order to confirm a failure mode. 

The expected forms of corrosion can be anticipated once the water chemistry, operating conditions, materials of construction, and system layout are deBned. A corrosion test matrix can be designed by determining the expected forms of corrosion. Some of the common forms of corrosion found in freshwater systems are described in the chapter on Freshwater Testing in Section V of this manual. A list of test methods is presented in this chapter. The following section describes the applicability and significance of these standardized tests. 

Furch, K. Water Chemistry of the Amazon Basin the Distribution of Chemical Elements Among Freshwaters. In The Amazon, Sioli, H., Ed Junk, W., Dordrecht, 1984 pp 167-200. 

The major source of plutonium in natural waters is the atmospheric fallout from nuclear weapons tests. Fallout plutonium is ubiquitous in marine and freshwater environments of the world with higher concentrations in the northern hemisphere where the bulk of nuclear weapons testing occurred(3). Much of the research on the aquatic chemistry of plutonium takes place in marine and freshwater systems where only fallout is present. 

Environmental chemists funded by the Department of Energy have studied these sources to learn as much as they can about the chemistry of plutonium dispersed in freshwater and marine ecosystems. Much of the early work determined the concentrations in various water bodies and the distribution between water and sediment. Table I shows results of various freshwater and marine surveys(10). 

Komiyama, H., Smith, J.M., American Institute of Chemical Engineers Journal, 21, 664 (1975) Rraemer, R.A., Choudhury, K., Kampa, E., Protecting water resources pollution prevention, Thematic Background Paper, International Conference on Freshwater, Bonn, (December 2001) Rressman, T.R.E., Industrial Chemistry, 1 (February 1960)... 

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