Frequency of event reporting

Frequency of events reported Perceptions of management Overall emphasis on safety Perceived state of safety... 

Notes Safety Culture Dimension 1 Hospital management support for patient safety 2 Supervisor/manager expectations/actions 3 Teamwork across hospital units 4 Teamwork within units 5 Communication openness 6 Hospital handoffs and transitions 7 Nonpunitive response to error 8 Feedback and communication about error 9 Staffing 10 Organizational learning Outcome dimensions 11 Overall perceptions of safety 12 Frequency of event reporting. 

Frequency of events reported Mistakes of the following types are reported (1) mistakes caught and corrected before affecting the patient, (2) mistakes with no potential to harm the patient, and (3) mistakes that could harm the patient, but do not... 

Frequency of events reported Designation of responsible persons for analysing incidents raising awareness on reporting specific types of adverse events sensitisation campaigns for incident reporting on each unit... 

There are a variety of ways to express absolute QRA results. Absolute frequency results are estimates of the statistical likelihood of an accident occurring. Table 3 contains examples of typical statements of absolute frequency estimates. These estimates for complex system failures are usually synthesized using basic equipment failure and operator error data. Depending upon the availability, specificity, and quality of failure data, the estimates may have considerable statistical uncertainty (e.g., factors of 10 or more because of uncertainties in the input data alone). When reporting single-point estimates or best estimates of the expected frequency of rare events (i.e., events not expected to occur within the operating life of a plant), analysts sometimes provide a measure of the sensitivity of the results arising from data uncertainties. 

Temporal Relationships of Adverse Events. The temporal relationship between duration of product exposure and development of an adverse event is important in assessing causality. But how can data on temporal relationships be systematically summarized in a database containing thousands or even hundreds of thousands of subjects Temporal relationships cannot be clearly elicited if only frequencies of adverse events between treatment and control groups are compared. There can be many disparities in the subjects time of exposure or time at risk. Toxic manifestations of drugs may not occur until several months or even years after the initial exposure to the drug. How do we systematically assess delayed toxicity of a previously prescribed drug from the effect of a newly prescribed drug Such a scenario occurred with reported cases of pancreatitis associated with valproic acid therapy, in which some cases appeared several years after therapy [2]. 

Ezetimibe 1 0 mg tablet 10 mg once daily The overall incidence of adverse events reported with ezetimibe alone was similar to that reported with placebo and generally similar between ezetimibe with a statin and statin alone. The frequency of increased transaminases was slightly higher in patients receiving ezetimibe plus a statin compared with those receiving statin monotherapy (1.3% versus 0.4%). 

For the detection of slow-acting biological agents (which may not produce symptoms for several days), the system response time would depend on the frequency of sampling and analysis. The frequency of sampling and analysis would be determined by factors such as the cost of the assay, the frequency with which critical reagents need to be replaced, the robustness of the detector, and so on. The minimum response time would be determined by the time required to collect a sample, prepare it for analysis, conduct the assay, and report the results. In the event of an alarm from a detector with a significant false-alarm rate, additional time would be required to determine its validity and to decide on an appropriate response. 

The reported incidence and frequency of ADRs vary depending on fhe source of fhe reporf and on the methods used to describe the event. One reason for fhe discrepancy is fhaf fhe cause of an ADR can be difticulf to ascerfain. ADRs listed in hospifal admission reporfs have ranged from less fhan 1% up to 28%. Mosf studies report an incidence rate of 10 to 20%, reflecting fhe difterenf mefhods used to defecf and reporf ADRs. 

The most common reasons for discontinuation of treatment were infusion-related reactions (ie, dyspnea, flushing, headache, rash). Adverse events have been reported in a higher proportion of RA patients receiving the 10 mg/kg dose than the 3 mg/kg dose however, no differences were observed in the frequency of adverse events between the 5 and 10 mg/kg doses in patients with Crohn disease. 

Proton pump inhibitors are extremely safe. Diarrhea, headache, and abdominal pain are reported in 1-5% of patients, although the frequency of these events is only slightly increased compared with placebo. Proton pump inhibitors do not have teratogenicity in animal models however, safety during pregnancy has not been established. 

---