Frequency effect, defined

Diffuse component due to three-body interactions. The intercollisional interference process is a many-body effect arising from the correlations of dipoles induced in consecutive collisions. This effect is limited to a certain narrow frequency band defined by ti2cv 1, that is to frequencies, cv,... 

In practice, it is difficult to measure the DEP force due to the effects of Brownian motion and electrical field-induced fluid flow [3]. Instead, the DEP crossover frequency can be measured as a function of medium conductivity and provides sufficient information to determine the dielectric properties of the suspended particles. The DEP crossover frequency,is the transition frequency point where the DEP force switches from pDEP to nDEP or vice versa. According to Eq. (6), the crossover frequency is defined to be the frequency point where the real part of the Clausius-Mossotti factor equals zero ... 

What this equation means in relation to filling trials is that if a series of samples each comprising 3000 items were taken from a universe that actually contained contaminated items at a frequency of one in one thousand (0.1%). we would find one or more contaminated items in 95% of our samples. It effectively defines a miiumum sample size of 3000 (precisely 2996). because 95% confidence cannot be achieved with any smaller sample size. It also, by the inclusion of the expression determines the pass/fail criterion as accept... 

Capacitively coupled electrodes are frequently employed in electrical measurements to study such effects as interfacial polarization, dielectric polarization, and high-frequency effects [38]. Capacitive electrodes are also sometimes used with semi-insulators to generate a field inside the specimen that is well-defined, and have been applied to the study of the initiation of PbN [39,40]. However, caution must be exercised in such an enterprise. A material with conductivity (ohm m)" is generally viewed as a good insulator. Yet it has an... 

We begin with consideration of surface influence on resonance magnetic Adds for spherical nanoparticles. This influence defines the positions of corresponding spectral lines. As it was shown in the Sect. 3.1, the surface effect can be expressed via hydrostatic pressure p = 2 [l/R, where R is a particle radius and p, is a surface tension coefficient. It is known, that the influence of mechanical stress on resonant fields (frequencies) is defined by spin-phonon interaction coefficients. Therefore, the resonance frequency of some transition for nanoparticles can be expressed in the form ... 

For the active devices, the pad parasitics can have a considerable effect on the transistor cutoff frequency. For field effecf fransistors (FET), the cutoff frequency is defined as ... 

To relate the effective longitudinal conductivity to Equation 21.13 and Equation 21.14 above, note that 1/fc plays the same role as L. If fcA 1, gL reduces to (1 — f)a + foi, which is equivalent to the parallel combination of resistances in Equation 21.13. If fcA 3> l,gL becomes (1 —/)interstitial space, as in Equation 21.14. Equation 21.15 can be generalized to all temporal frequencies by defining k in terms of Ym instead of Gm [Roth et al., 1988). Figure 21.4 shows the magnitude and phase of the longitudinal and transverse effective conductivities as functions of the temporal and spatial frequencies. 

The fitting parameters in the transfomi method are properties related to the two potential energy surfaces that define die electronic resonance. These curves are obtained when the two hypersurfaces are cut along theyth nomial mode coordinate. In order of increasing theoretical sophistication these properties are (i) the relative position of their minima (often called the displacement parameters), (ii) the force constant of the vibration (its frequency), (iii) nuclear coordinate dependence of the electronic transition moment and (iv) the issue of mode mixing upon excitation—known as the Duschinsky effect—requiring a multidimensional approach. 

Figure Bl.5.5 Schematic representation of the phenomenological model for second-order nonlinear optical effects at the interface between two centrosynnnetric media. Input waves at frequencies or and m2, witii corresponding wavevectors /Cj(co and k (o 2), are approaching the interface from medium 1. Nonlinear radiation at frequency co is emitted in directions described by the wavevectors /c Cco ) (reflected in medium 1) and /c2(k>3) (transmitted in medium 2). The linear dielectric constants of media 1, 2 and the interface are denoted by E2, and s, respectively. The figure shows the vz-plane (the plane of incidence) withz increasing from top to bottom and z = 0 defining the interface.

The effect of an MW pulse on the macroscopic magnetization can be described most easily using a coordinate system (x, y, z) which rotates with the frequency about tlie z-axis defined by the applied field B. 

In the same section, we also see that the source of the appropriate analytic behavior of the wave function is outside its defining equation (the Schibdinger equation), and is in general the consequence of either some very basic consideration or of the way that experiments are conducted. The analytic behavior in question can be in the frequency or in the time domain and leads in either case to a Kramers-Kronig type of reciprocal relations. We propose that behind these relations there may be an equation of restriction, but while in the former case (where the variable is the frequency) the equation of resh iction expresses causality (no effect before cause), for the latter case (when the variable is the time), the restriction is in several instances the basic requirement of lower boundedness of energies in (no-relativistic) spectra [39,40]. In a previous work, it has been shown that analyticity plays further roles in these reciprocal relations, in that it ensures that time causality is not violated in the conjugate relations and that (ordinary) gauge invariance is observed [40]. 

The relaxation and creep experiments that were described in the preceding sections are known as transient experiments. They begin, run their course, and end. A different experimental approach, called a dynamic experiment, involves stresses and strains that vary periodically. Our concern will be with sinusoidal oscillations of frequency v in cycles per second (Hz) or co in radians per second. Remember that there are 2ir radians in a full cycle, so co = 2nv. The reciprocal of CO gives the period of the oscillation and defines the time scale of the experiment. In connection with the relaxation and creep experiments, we observed that the maximum viscoelastic effect was observed when the time scale of the experiment is close to r. At a fixed temperature and for a specific sample, r or the spectrum of r values is fixed. If it does not correspond to the time scale of a transient experiment, we will lose a considerable amount of information about the viscoelastic response of the system. In a dynamic experiment it may... 

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