Framework philosophical

Muirhead, H. Holbrook, J. J. (1991). Design and synthesis of new enzymes based on the lactate dehydrogenase framework. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B332,177-184. 

The responses of a forum of experts in chemical education in the 1990s (Van Berkel, De Vos, Verdonk, Pilot, 2000) were analysed in terms of the curriculum framework outlined above. According to this analysis, the mainstream school chemistry curricula at that time, to be called dominant school chemistry , can be characterised as follows. With respect to the relation between the philosophical substructure and the pedagogical substructure, school chemistry often claims to position itself as an introduction to chemistry. The student is seen as a future chemist. However, the forum of experts in chemical education disagreed with this claim. The next quote epitomises the view that in fact this school chemistry gives an incorrect pichtre of chemistry as a science ... 

The single best source for quick and reasonably thorough access to the body of knowledge associated with computer ethics is Deborah Johnson s Computer Ethics (3rd edition, 2001). The first edition of that work [17], the first book listed under computer ethics in the Philosopher s Index, provides a conceptual framework for the issues of privacy, liability, ownership, and power. Despite its very early appearance in the short history of computer ethics, much of the analysis retains its value. 

Now, let me go back to a few historical notes arbitrarily selected, with the aim of illustrating the historical framework (see also Luisi, 1998). Only the naturalistic view of life, excluding the creationistic or transcendental view will be considered. Let s start with the German biologist and philosopher Friedrich Rolle who noted a long time ago (1863) ... 

There are some signs in the modern life sciences literature to indicate a return to a system theory of life processes, which emphasize collective, integrating properties -such as self-organization and emergence. In this new - perhaps more philosophically - mature Zeitgeist, autopoiesis could re-emerge as a very useful conceptual framework. 

What is the value of nature Philosophers, ethicists, theologians, and a wide spectrum of social and even natural scientists have responded to this question with a variety of answers based on an equally varied set of frameworks and approaches. These responses are often categorized as either anthropocentric, in which value is derived from some form of interaction with humans, or biocentric, in which nature and the organisms of which it is comprised have intrinsic value apart from humans, and where humans are no more or less valuable than any other organism. The response by the held of economics falls within a specific anthropocentric approach known as utilitarianism. From the perspective of the utilitarian approach, nature has value insofar as it yields benefits or satisfaction to humans. Thus, the notion of ecosystem services - that is, the wide array of processes, functions, and resources provided by the ecosystem that benefit humans - fits squarely within the utilitarian approach to value.8... 

Philosophical concerns, however, only reveal part of why Boerhaave adopted the instrument framework so enthusiastically. The pedagogical context and norms of the University of Leiden medical faculty served as both the motor and the model for Boerhaave s chemical lectures. Teaching in the medical faculty of a university, Boerhaave needed to provide his chemistry with a theoretical framework, but in the traditional didactic presentation of chemistry, the chemical principles served as the foundation for the discussion of the theory of chemistry. Thus, Boerhaave adopted and developed his account of the instruments to provide both a theoretical framework for examining chemical action and a method to organize diverse chemical phenomena. 

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