Electron-multiplying charge-coupled devices

Back illuminated, frame transfer electron-multiplying charge coupled device (EMCCD) camera (such as Photometries Cascade II 512, Roper Scientific, Tuscon, AZ). Back illuminated EMCCD cameras capture more than 90% of incoming photons and amplify signals to overcome instrument noise. 

Fig. 24.8 Schematic of the exptaimcmtal setup (M minor, BS beam splitter, SL spherical lens, CL cylindrical lens, BD beam dump, DM dichroic mirror, NDF neutral density filter, BPF bandpass filtea, LPF longpass filto, EMCCD-C electron multiplying charge-coupled device camera) (from [24])...

EMCCD electron-multiplying charge-coupled device... 

ConnaUy R., J. Piper. Sohd-state time-gated luminescence microscope with ultraviolet light-emitting diode excitation and electron-multiplying charge-coupled device detection, J. Biomed. Opt., 13, 034022-1 to 034022-6 (2008). 

FIGURE 7.2 Components of the diffraction beamline mounted on rods to maintain a cylindrical symmetry around the electron beam axis. The e-beam passes through the trapped ion cloud producing scattered electrons indicated hy off-axis lines. The primary beam enters the Faraday cup and scattered electrons strike a mnlti-channel plate detector producing the diffraction pattern on a phosphor screen. This screen is imaged by a charge-coupled device camera mounted external to the UHV chamber. The electron multiplier detects ions resonantly ejected from the ion trap. 

The Raman effect is due to the same vibrations that give rise to the infrared spectrum. Raman scattering describes the inelastic scattering of incident light by certain vibrational transitions (described as Raman active). Note that this is not a fluorescence effect. The molecule is not electronically excited and the incident photon interacts with the vibration of the molecule on a time-scale of the order of 10 seconds. The Raman effect is also weak—except for resonant transitions, no more than one photon in a million is inelastically scattered in this way. Hence the need for powerful sources of monochromatic radiation (lasers) and sensitive detectors (photo-multiplier tubes or charge-coupled devices). 

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