Fragmentation rupture

Illustration Kinetics of dispersion the two-zone model. The models for agglomerate rupture when integrated with a flow model are useful for the modeling of dispersion in practical mixers, as was discussed for the case of drop dispersion. Manas-Zloczower, Nir, and Tadmor (1982), in an early study, presented a model for the dispersion of carbon black in rubber in a Banbury mixer (Fig. 34). The model is based on several simplifying assumptions Fragmentation is assumed to occur by rupture alone, and each rupture produces two equal-sized fragments. Rupture is assumed to occur... 

A fragment ruptures when the mean polymer pressure within the pores reaches the critical pressure for the silica network of that fragment. 

The main features are the molecular ions as the base peak and the M-t-1 ions arising from another species. For 2-aminothiazole the m/e 73 ion (M-HCN) is shifted to m/e 75 in the spectrum of the dideuteroamino derivative and, therefore, largely arises via rupture of 2-3 and 4-5 bonds (Scheme 18). This fragmentation process could involve the kind of intermediates postulated in photochemical rearrangements (see Chapter III, Section IX.3.B). The other fragments fit well the general pattern of fragmentation proposed by Clarke (136). 

The 4-Hydroxy-thiazoles are characterized by infrared absorption near 1610 cm (KBr) (3) or 1620 to 16.S0cm (CCI4) (8), indicating a strongly polarized carbonyl group. H-5 resonates near 5.6 ppm in the NMR spectrum like similar protons in other mesoionic compounds (3). Two fragmentations of the molecular ion are observed in the mass spectra. The first involves rupture of the 1,2 and 3,4 bonds with loss of C2R 0S . In the second, the 1,5 and 3,4 bonds are cleaved with elimination of C2R 0. ... 

Rocket Fragment from a Cylindrical Missile Pressurized with a Liquid at a Temperature Such That Rupture... 

Persons close to blast seriously injured by lung and hearing damage, fragmentation effects, and from being thrown bodily Ear-drum rupture of almost all persons within the room... 

BLEVEs are more commonly associated with releases of flammable liquids from vessels as a consequence of external fires. Such BLEVEs produce, in addition to blast and fragmentation ejects, buoyant fireballs whose radiant energy can bum exposed skin and ignite nearby combustible materials. A vessel may rupture for a... 

The safety valves of other cars operated, thereby releasing more LPG. At 7 33 a m., the twenty-seventh car ruptured with explosive force. Four fragments were hurled in different directions (Figure 2.21). The east end of the car dug a crater in the track structure, and was then hurled about 180 m (600 ft) eastward. The west end of the car was hurled in a southwesterly direction for a total distance of about 90 m (300 ft). This section struck and collapsed the roof of a gasoline service station. Two other sizable portions of the tank were hurled in a southwesterly direction and came to rest at points 180 m (600 ft) and 230 m (750 ft) from the tank. 

At 8 30 A M., water pumped from a canal became available. It was used to cool other exposed spheres, but the sphere from which the initial spill of propane occurred was not protected. At 8 40 the sphere ruptured into five large fragments, producing a large fireball, killing or injuring nearly 100 people in the vicinity. 

In previous sections, it has been assumed that all energy within a pressure vessel is available to drive the blast wave. In fact, energy must be spent to rupture the vessel and propel its fragments. In some cases, the vessel expands before bursting, thus absorbing additional energy. Should a vessel also contain liquid or solids, a fraction of the available energy may be spent in its propulsion. 

For lower scaled pressures, velocity can be calculated with the equation proposed by Baum (1987) which produces disintegration of both cylindrical and spherical vessels into multiple fragments (Vj = O.SSoo ). Such a result can also be obtained by use of Figure 6.33. However, actual experience is that ruptures rarely... 

Pittman, J. F. 1976. Blast and Fragments from Superpressure Vessel Rupture. NSWC/WOL/ TR 75-87. White Oak, Silver Spring, Maryland Naval Surface Weapons Center. 

As a vessel ruptures, its fragments accelerate rapidly to a maximum velocity. This value is the initial fragment velocity Vj. It is used to calculate either the range of fragment travel or, if collision with an obstacle occurs before maximum range is attained, impact velocity. 

Fragmentational cleavage of C5 of 128 was reported to take place through rupture of the N4-C5 and C5-N6 bonds upon acid-catalyzed hydrolysis to give 70 (65JOC3601 93MI1 94JHC1503) (Scheme 49). 

Bnich-kupfer, n. scrap copper, -last, /. breaking load, -metall, n. broken metal, scrap metal, -modul, m. modulus of rupture, -probe, /. breaking test, breakdown test, -punkt, m. breaking point, -riss, m. (Meial.) failure crack, -silber, n. broken silver, scrap silver, -spaonung,/. breaking stress tensile strength, -stein, m. quarry stone broken stone, -stelle,/. broken place, place of fracture. -strich, m. (Math.) fraction stroke (between numerator and denominator), -stiick, n. fragment shred, -stiicke, pi. debris scrap, -teil, m. fraction, -zahl, /. fractional number. 

Any piping beyond the rupture disk cannot be obstructed by die rupture disk or fragment. 

Type of disk Vacuum support required Fragment upon rupture Gas service Liquid or partially-liquid service Maximum normal operating pressure... 

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