Fractionation and characterization

Steinhilber P., Boswell F.C. Fractionation and characterization of two aerobic sewage sludge. J Environ Qual 1983 12 529-534. 

Fractionation and Characterization of Commercial Cellulose Triacetate by Gel Permeation Chromatography... 

Marty B, Zimmermann L (1999) Volatiles (He, C, N, Ar) in mid-ocean ridge basalts assesment of shallow-level fractionation and characterization of source composition. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 63 3619-3633... 

A6. Albers, J. J., and Scanu, A. M., Isoelectric fractionation and characterization of polypeptides from human serum very low density lipoproteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 236, 29-37 (1971). 

Luna EA, et al. Fractionation and characterization of 4-sulfobutylether derivatives of cyclomaltoheptaose (b-cyclodextrin). Carbohydr Res 1997 299 103. 

Durham, D.R. Phibbs, P.V. Fractionation and characterization of the phos-phoenolpyruvate fructose 1-phosphotransferase system from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Bacteriol., 149, 534-541 (1982)... 

Concentration, Fractionation, and Characterization of Organic Mutagens in Drinking Water... 

Gordin, S., Birk, Y. and Volcani, R. 1972. Fractionation and characterization of milk proteins by column chromatography and electrophoresis. J. Dairy Sci. 55, 1544-1549. 

Kitchen, B. J. 1977. Fractionation and characterization of membranes from bovine milk fat globule. J. Dairy Res. 44, 469-482. 

Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a common laboratory technique for separating complex mixtures of solutes, usually by an adsorbtion mechanism. Several laboratories have applied the technique to the separation of polymer fractions and characterization of polymer molecular weight distributions. This work reviews the experimental results and theoretical approaches to the fractionation mechanisms. 

II. Preparative GPC Fractionation and Characterization of Poly-(methyl methacrylate) for Calibration in 2, 2, 2-Trifluoroethanol... 

Methods of Protein Fractionation and Characterization Differential Centrifugation Divides a Sample into Two Fractions... 

Nguyen S, Hisiger S, Jolicoeur M et al (2009) Fractionation and characterization of chitosan by analytical SEC and 1H NMR after semi-preparative SEC. Carbohydr Polym 75(4) 636-645... 

Imai, A., Fukushima, T., Matsushige, K., and Kim, Y. H. (2001). Fractionation and characterization of dissolved organic matter in a shallow eutrophic lake, its inflowing rivers, and other organic matter sources. Water Res. 35, 4019-4028. 

Various separation methods have been used to isolate, fractionate, and characterize humic materials. Originally it was fractionation, based on solubility differences of humic components in diluted alkalis and acids, which laid the ground work for the first classifications of humic substances (HS) in the 19th century (Mulder, 1861 Sprengel, 1837) and provided for operational definition of HS (Kononova, 1966). And now, alkali extraction is the method of choice for isolating HS from solid humus-containing substrates like soil, peat, coal, and so on (Swift, 1996), while hydrophobic resins (e.g., Amberlite XAD resins) are typically used to extract HS dissolved in natural waters (Aiken, 1985). Initial research on HS began with the used simple separation methods to prove, examine, and define characteristics of components of humic matter (Oden, 1919).Today, however, advances in HS research require ever more sophisticated techniques of separation combined with structural analysis (Orlov, 1990 Stevenson, 1994). 

Because of polydisperse nature of HS, the importance of separation methods increased as the science evolved. Various separation methods were widely used for conventional fractionation and characterization of components based on differences in component solubility, charge, molecular weight, and/or size, polarity, hydropho-bicity, and so on (Janos, 2003). More recent research focused on advanced molecular-level analyses of humic mixtures (Hertkorn and Schmitt-Kopplin, 2007), in which a combination of separation techniques, mostly, chromatography, or capillary electrophoresis) were coupled with high-resolution instrumental analysis [e.g., mass spectrometry (MS) or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy]. Several examples appeared in the literature, including those that used size exclusion chro-... 

Sargentini, E., Jr., Rocha, J. C., Rosa, A. H., Zara, L. F., and dos Santos, A. (2001). Aquatic humic substances Molecular size fractionation and characterization of inner rearrangements after metal ions complexation. Quimica Nova 24(3), 339-344. 

Burba, P., Shkinev, V and Spivakov, B.Ya. (1995) On-line fractionation and characterization of aquatic humic substances by means of sequential-stage ultrafiltration. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 351, 74-82. 

Sutherland EW, Rail TW. Fractionation and characterization of a cyclic adenine ribonucleotide formed by tissue particles. J Biol Chem 1958 232 1077-1091. 

Other methods of fractionation with supercritical fluids are conceivable. One such possiblility could involve manipulation of the pressure during the destraction or upon subsequent separation of the fluid and residuum. The relative merits of such possibilities remain to be explored. Successful development of such technology will result in the ability to fractionate and characterize material currently intractable by conventional methods. 

Cheng KW (1975) A radioreceptor assay for follicle-stimulating hormone. J Clin Endocrin Metab 41 581-589 Foulds LM, Robertson DM (1983) Electrofocusing fractionation and characterization of pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone from male and female rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 31 117-130... 

Nagle, N.E., and N.F. Haard. 1975. Fractionation and characterization of peroxidase from ripe banana fruit. J. Food Sci. 40 576-579. 

Many bioactive phytochemicals were systematically studied after their fractionation and characterization from many vegetables and fruits. New biological effects such as the differentiation-inducing activity of carotenoids— particularly vitamin A—were described in the 1930s. In addition, several experimental results suggested that various carotenoids might serve as dietary chemopreventive agents [6] because of their ability to quench excited molecules and excess radicals. 

Other colloids which have been fractionated and characterized by Fl-FFF include colloidal silica of 10-130 nm diameter [242] or down to 2 nm [17],Xylo-phene (emulsion), Stabisol (silica sol), Ludox (colloidal silica) and emulsion paints [237]. 

Zhou L.X. et al., Fractionation and characterization of dissolved organic matter derived from sewage sludge and composted sludge, Environ. Technol., 21, 765, 2000. 

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