Fossil fuels fractions

The on-line combination of LC-GC-MS is applied in a variety of analytical problems, such as the analysis of (trace amounts of) aromatic compounds in complex fossil fuel fractions or in vegetable oil, the identification of microcontaminants in surface water, and the identification of impurities in pharmaceutical products. 

The system concept demanded for a system driven solely by solar, no additional fossil fuel should be used. Therefore, the required storage volume and the investment costs for collector array and storage have been calculated as a function of collector array size and solar fraction. A computer simulation of the system has been made evaluating the seasonal performance of the system under the meteorological conditions of Amberg. Figure 272 shows the results. 

Self-generated surfactants (produced from fossil fuels by a chem-ical/physical process) or natural surfactants (exiting in fossil fuels) are derived from the inherent organic acids and replaceable acidic protons which are present in crude oils or bitumens (e.g., mercaptans). Yen and Farmanian (2) isolated native petroleum fractions that form surfactants and contain hydrogen dispiacable components including one, two, three, or four of die following types ... 

Deep desulfurization method of fossil fuels, comprising a first step of HDS and a BDS step for the removal of HDS sulfur refractory compounds, using an effective amount of a biocatalyst. The fuel is incubated in the presence of enzymes obtained as a lysate, extract, fraction or subfraction of one or more microorganisms. The organic sulfur compounds are converted into water-soluble inorganic sulfur. Then, the desulfurized liquid fossil fuel is separated from the aqueous medium. 

A method for simultaneous desulfurization and desalting of fossil fuels by mixing the aqueous biocatalytic solution with the feed under conditions for both processes to occur. Both inorganic salts, the originally present in the fuel and the produced from the conversion of the organic sulfur compounds are solubilized by the added water, resulting in an aqueous phase with a salt concentration greater than 0.5 wt%. The biocatalyst consists of Rhodococcus sp. ATCC 53968, its mutants or cell-free fractions. 

PAHs are widespread environmental contaminants resulting from combustion, discharge of fossil fuels, and automobile exhausts [29]. As they are hydrophobic substances, they are strongly adsorbed to the organic fraction of SEs and soils. A different spatial distribution of PAHs was obtained for each of the three analyzed years. However, the upper course of the Ebro River was the most affected area by this contamination during the whole period of study. In Fig. 10, larger dots represent higher contributions of this PAHs contamination pattern than smaller dots. In the year 2004 (upper map on the left of Fig. 10), samples R0 (the closest to the river source) and T8 (an industrial place located in Navarra) were the most affected sites by PAHs contamination. As a result of its location, R0 was not... 

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