Frac fluids

S. Sharif. Process for preparation and composition of stable aqueous solutions of boron zirconium chelates for high temperature frac fluids. Patent US 5217632, 1993. 

White, J.L. and Free, D.L. "Properties of Various Frac Fluids as Compared to the Ideal Fluid," Proc. Symp. Stimul. Low Perm. Reserv. Colo. School Mines.(1976), 1 14. 

Lescarboura, J.A., Sifferman, T.R. and Wahl, H.A. "Evaluation of Frac Fluid Stability Using a Heated, Pressurized Flow Loop," SPE paper 10962, 1982 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, September 26 29. 

Stimulation Release and migration of fines Precipitation of solids formed from the reactions of stimulation fluids with formation minerals or fluid Polymer damage (frac fluid) Formation wettability alterations ... 

As observed with this HEWL-Cibacron Blue F3GA immobilized Frac-tosil 1000 system, and numerous other cases of polypeptide or protein interaction with HPLC sorbents, the maximum production rate tends to increase with the increase of the terminating effluent concentration. At fluid velocities lower than the optimum velocities, the effect of the terminating effluent concentration, however, becomes less important. The use of a flow rate at the maximum capacity of the pump (or to the pressure limit of the system as is sometimes practiced) will usually lead to an impaired production rate with HP-BAC, HP-BMC, and HP-HIC sorbents.307,422,423 This conclusion has been also supported by other experimental data on large-scale chromatographic purification of proteins with HP-IEX sorbents.368,406,421,424... 

Hydraulic fracturing may combine water, acid or crude oil with sand at high pressures to produce new cracks and enlarge existing ones in the reservoir rock. As this fluid is removed, it leaves the sand behind to prop open these fractures. In the Permian Oil Basin of the United States, frac-... 

Xanco-Frac . [Kelco/Oil Field Prods.] Heteropolysaccharide prod. gum used as viscosifier in oil fidd hydraulic fracturing fluids suspending agent... 

Along with walnut hulls and instant coffee, fhe amazing list of frac-furing fluid additives includes coffee grinds, salf, ceramic balls, lead petroleum distillates, methanol, benzene, toluene, xylene, and millions of gallons of diesel. The problem is that, in the absence of a minimum US national baseline for disclosure of fracking fluids combined with a special industry exemption from US. water safety standards, it s nearly impossible to assess any impact the use of these fluids may have on the environment or public health. It s trackin impossible (Nikiforuk, 2011). 

Fow-viscosity fluids—high-rate water fracs (HRWFs)—for low-permeability ( tight ) reservoirs frequently associated with gas production. 

Propped fracturing has an advantage for many carbonates. The leak-off coefficient, fracture shape, and proppant conductivity can be estimated or measured with a greater degree of confidence than for an acid fracture. This is because the fluid is nonreactive. A pretreatment data measurement frac, or mini-frac analysis, is an established technique used to generate appropriate design parameters for propped fracturing. 

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