Fowler theory

Although the Fowler theory applies to electron emission in vacuo, it can also be applied to the emission in nonpolar liquids. The liquid is considered to represent a constant, frequency-independent attenuation of the emission process. 

It is curious that he never conuuented on the failure to fit the analytic theory even though that treatment—with the quadratic fonn of the coexistence curve—was presented in great detail in it Statistical Thermodynamics (Fowler and Guggenlieim, 1939). The paper does not discuss any of the other critical exponents, except to fit the vanishing of the surface tension a at the critical point to an equation... 

J D and R H Fowler 1933. A Theory of Water and Ionic Solution, with Particular Reference to rdrogen and Hydroxyl Ions. Journal of Chemical Physics 1 515-548. 

One important direetion of study has been to use empirieal adsorption data, together with the preassumed model for loeal adsorption, and attempt to extraet information about the form of x(e) [13,14]. The ehoiee of the model for loeal adsorption, whieh is an important input here, has been eustomarily treated quite easually, assuming that it has rather limited influenee on the form and properties of the evaluated EADFs. Usually, one of so many existing equations developed for adsorption on uniform surfaees is used as the loeal adsorption isotherm. The most often used forms of 0 p, T,e) are the Langmuir [6] and the Fowler-Guggenheim [15] equations for loealized adsorption. Ross and Olivier [4] extensively used the equation for mobile adsorption, whieh results from the two-dimensional version of the van der Waals theory of fluids. The most radieal solution has been... 

The theory of the structure of ice and water, proposed by Bernal and Fowler, has already been mentioned. They also discussed the solvation of atomic ions, comparing theoretical values of the heats of solvation with the observed values. As a result of these studies they came to the conclusion that at room temperature the situation of any alkali ion or any halide ion in water was very similar to that of a water molecule itself— namely, that the number of water molecules in contact with such an ion was usually four. At any rate the observed energies were consistent with this conclusion. This would mean that each atomic ion in solution occupies a position which, in pure water, would be occupied by a water moldfcule. In other words, each solute particle occupies a position normally occupied by a solvent particle as already mentioned, a solution of this kind is said to be formed by the process of one-for-one substitution (see also Sec. 39). 

Figure 12-5. Kcprcscmauun of Uie calculated injcciiou curretu on a 111 j vs scale. Tlic dashed line indicates tile slopes predicted by Fowler Nordheiin tunneling theory lor A=0.8eV assuming that the effective mass equals the free electron mass.

Bernal, J. D. Fowler, R. H. (1933). A theory of water and ionic solutions with particular reference to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. Journal of Chemical Physics, 1, 515-48. 

It was, after all, Fowler s precocious former student, Dirac, who began his 1929 paper on the quantum mechanics of a many-electron system by saying, "The underlying physical laws for the mathematical theory of a large part of physics and the whole of chemistry are thus completely known."43... 

In 1960 Fred Hoyle and William Fowler discovered that thermonuclear combustion in the dense core of a degenerate star (the word degenerate is used in the sense of quantum theory and will be made exphcit later) could trigger the explosion and volatilisation of the star. If we add the idea that post mortem light emissions are fuelled by the gradual disintegration of an unstable radioactive isotope, nickel-56, a subject to be discussed in great detail later, we obtain the universal explanation of what are now known as type la supernovas. 

One day in 1978, 1 asked Willy (William Fowler) what roles he and Fred Hoyle had played in the marvellous theory of stellar nucleosynthesis which had set the stage for three generations of scientists. Finding the question difficult, he did not reply immediately, but several years later brought to my attention the scrupulously observed chronological description of the facts reproduced below. 

An early theory of the IT value was proffered by Spencer and Fano [44], based on the degradation spectrum. Another method, the Fowler equation, was employed by Inokuti [47] for electron irradiation, based on the approximation that there is only one ionization potential and that the ionization efficiency is unity. These restrictions can be relaxed. The main result of Inokuti s analysis may be given as follows. 

J. H. VanVleck, in The Theory of Electric and Magnetic Susceptibilities, R. H. Fowler, P. Kapitza, Eds., International Series of Monographs on Physics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1932. 

In many field emission and field ionization experiments, field strength is a basic parameter which has to be known accurately before a lot of experimental data can be interpreted properly. Determination of field strength at the field emitter surface and field distribution above the field emitter surface in field electron and field ion emission, however, is not an easy task because of the complicated geometry of the tip. In field emission, the validity of the Fowler-Norheim theory has been established experimentally to within about 15%, and the current density as a function of the field has been tabulated.26 Thus it is possible to determine the field strength simply from the field emission current density. The field strength so determined cannot of course be more accurate than 15%. 

Fowler, H, (1967) Satiation and curiosity constructs for a drive and incentive-motivational theory of motive1, in K. Spence and J. Spence (eds.), Psychology of Learning and Motivation, vol. 1, New York Academic Press. 

Fowler, R. H., Statistical Mechanics, The Theory of the Property of Matter in Equilibrium, ... 

Fowler, R.H. A Tentative Statistical Theory of Macleod s Equation for Surface Tension and the Parachor, Proc., Royal Soc. of London, Series A (1937) 229-246. 

The Lennard-Jones-Devonshire theory (as summarized by Fowler and Guggenheim, 1952, pp. 336ff) averaged the pair potentials of Equation 5.24a and b between the solute and each water, for Zi molecules in the surface of the spherical cavity to obtain a cell potential r) of... 

The hole theory was perceived as a Active mathematical construction and was initially rejected by prominent contemporary physicists such as Pauli and Bohr. The physical reality of antiparticles was not taken seriously even by Dirac himself. In 1931 he wrote about his anti-electron we should not expect to find it in Nature [2]. Surprisingly, the first anti-electrons were discovered already in 1932 by Anderson, who studied cosmic rays in Caltech s magnet cloud chamber. Anderson noticed abnormally bending trajectories indicating the presence of light positively charged particles and, as related by Fowler [3], "could not resist the devastating conclusion that they are caused by positive electrons The first piece of antimatter, a positron, made its physical appearance. 

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