MAP pathways

Thousands of reactions mediated by an equal number of enzymes are occurring at any given instant within the cell. Metabolism has many branch points, cycles, and interconnections, as a glance at a metabolic pathway map reveals... 

Pathways Kyoto Encyclopedia http //www.genome.ad.jp/ Pathway maps, ortholog... 

Petricoin EF, Espina V, Araujo RP et al (2001) Phosphoprotein pathway mapping Akt/mam-malian target of rapamydn activation is negatively associated with childhood rhabdomyosarcoma survival. Cancer Res 67 3431-3440... 

In this chapter we survey recent findings that describe the metabolic fate of the xenobiotic moieties of mercapturic acid pathway (MAP) metabolites that are excreted from the liver with the bile. We show that the products of the MAP undergo an enterohepatic circulation that is mediated by intestinal enzymes and/or intestinal microflora. 

Assign KEGG pathway map names to the converted (Entrez-) genes. Obtain the four parameters for each pathway map in the same way as the GO terms. 

As in the case of any spatial map, the visualisation is only an aid to navigation and need not represent reality. One of the most famous and influential maps, Harry Beck s London Underground, provides an excellent conceptual model by abandoning physical reality. It is interesting that some metaboUc pathway maps are drawn in a way that is remarkably like Beck s elegant style. 

Pathway Projector Keio University Provides integrated pathway maps that are based upon the KEGG Atlas, with the addition of nodes for genes and enzymes, implemented as a scalable, zoomable map utilizing the Google Maps API (http // www.g-language.org/PathwayProjector/) ... 

Fig. 2 Outline of signal transduction pathways for stress kinases, JNKs, and for Map kinases, p38 and ERKl/2. Shown is the cross-talk between the various pathways. Map kinases MEKKl/2/3 activate the MAP kinases MKK4 (JNKKl) and MKK7 (JNKK2). MKK4/7 can also be activated by the Map kinases TAKl and Askl, which can also activate MKK3/6 of the p38 s pathway. Activation of Rap-GTP is capable of activating the p38 and ERKl/2 pathways. As indicated, ceramide can activate the p38 pathway, and, also, has been suggested to play a role in activation of the ERKl/2 pathway...

Althou the role of the MAP kinase phosphorylation cascade in the control of cell growth and cellular proliferation is undisputed, other pathways and pathway ramifications contribute to that control. This requires communication between signal transduction pathways. MAP kinase also seems to play a part in pathway interconnections, for example in connecting signals from G-protein-coupled receptors with signals from growth-factor-activated receptors (discussed in Chapter 5). 

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