Asthma formoterol

Although both formoterol and salmeterol are effective as add-on therapy for moderate persistent asthma, neither agent should be used as monotherapy for chronic asthma. Patients treated with salmeterol alone are at greater risk of worsening asthma than those treated with inhaled corticosteroids.25,26... 

ADRB2) antagonists (salbutamol, formoterol) airway responsiveness to beta-2-adrenergic receptor antagonists in asthmatics (24) in asthmatic (23) and severity of asthma (92)... 

The majority of the marketed products are used for asthma and COPD. Typical agents that are used for these indications are fl2-agonists such as salbutamol (albuterol), Terbutalin or formoterol, corticosteroids such as budesonide, FUxotide or beclomethasone and mast-cell stabilizers such as sodium cromoglycate or nedocromil. 

Asthma/Bronchospasm - For adults and children 5 years of age and older, the usual dosage is the inhalation of the contents of one 12 meg formoterol... 

If asthma control is not optimal, conventional advice was to increase the ICS dose. However, it is now apparent, that the dose-response effect of ICS is rather flat, so that there is little improvement in lung function after doubling the dose of inhaled steroid. An alternative strategy is to add some other class of controller drug. Several studies have shown that the combination of ICS and salmeterol or formoterol was more effective than increasing the dose of inhaled corticosteroid in terms of lung function improvement, rescue /32-agonist use, symptom control, and frequency of mild and severe asthma exacerbations. 

O Byrne PM, Bisgaard H, Godard PP et al. Budesonide-formoterol combination therapy as both maintenance and reliever medication in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005 171 129-36. 

This methodology was successfully applied to the asymmetric synthesis of (5,5)-formoterol (17), a potent (Vagonist for the treatment of asthma and bronchitis.3 40 Reduction of bromo ketone... 

Salbutamol (Ventolin Accuhaler) - management of asthma, bronchospasm and/or reversible airways obstruction (also terbutaline, formoterol, salmeterol, etc.). 

Aziz I, Hall IP, McFarlane LC, Lipworth BJ. Beta2-adrenoceptor regulation and bronchodilator sensitivity after regular treatment with formoterol in subjects with stable asthma. J Allergy Chn Immunol 1998 101(3) 337 1. 

The non-pulmonary effects of formoterol have been carefully studied in an uncontrolled observational trial in 10 patients with asthma who were already taking regular inhaled budesonide (400 micrograms bd) (15) There was a significant increase in upper limb tremor with formoterol and this was assessed as discomfort by one patient. This was considered due to stimulation of beta2-adreno-ceptors in skeletal muscle. 

Burgess C, Ayson M, Rajasingham S, Crane J, Della Cioppa G, Till MD. The extrapuhnonary effects of increasing doses of formoterol in patients with asthma. Eur J Chn Pharmacol 1998 54(2) 141-7. 

Centanni S, Carlucci P, Santus P, Boveri B, Tarricone D, Fiorentini C, Lombardi F, Cazzola M. Non-pulmonary effects induced by the addition of formoterol to budesonide therapy in patients with mild or moderate persistent asthma. Respiration 2000 67(l) 60-4. 

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