Forage additives

Legume forages, such as alfalfa or clover, are considered high quaHty, readily available protein sources. Animal sources of supplemental protein include meat and bone meal blood meal, 80% CP fish meal other marine products and hydroly2ed feathermeal, 85—90% CP. Additionally, synthetic amino acids are available commercially. Several sources (3,9,19) provide information about the protein or amino acid composition of feedstuffs. 

Agriculture. Most forages provide insufficient sodium for animal feeding and may lack adequate chloride. Thus salt supplementation is a critical part of a nutritionally balanced diet for animals. In addition, because animals have a definite appetite for salt, it can be used as a deflvery mechanism to ensure adequate intake of less palatable nutrients and as a feed limiter. Salt is an excellent carrier for trace minerals. Salt, either in loose form or as compressed blocks, can be mixed with feed or fed free-choice to improve animal health and productivity (see Feeds and feed additives). 

In the case of animals we are concerned primarily with a two-step process accumulation of airborne contaminants on or in vegetation or forage that serves as their feed and subsequent effects of the ingested herbage on animals. In addition to pollution-affected vegetation, carnivores (humans... 

Table 5.16 LC-MS-MS signal responses" obtained from wheat forage matrix samples using various mobile-phase additives (injection volumes of 50 p,l). From Choi, B. K., Hercules, D. M. and Gusev, A. I., LC-MS/MS signal suppression effects in the analysis of pesticides in complex environmental matrices , Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 369, 370-377, Table 2, 2001. Springer-Verlag GmbH Co. KG. Reproduced with permission...

Figure 4.4 Valence relativistic s-shell contraction (/ )r/(/ )nr (4s for Cu, 5s forAg, SsforAu and 7s for Fr). Here the ns-shell remains singly occupied and the x-axis gives the total number of electrons N with additional electrons filled in successively from the inner shells. For example N = 3 for Au describes the occupation ls 6s and N — 11 the occupation ls 2s 2p 6s ...

Tetratrophic interactions between a host plant, a phytophagous pest (primary host), a hymenopteran parasitoid or symbiont (secondary host) and a hymenopteran hyperparasitoid (which parasitizes the secondary host) are of considerable importance, because hyperparasitism can significantly reduce populations of economically beneficial parasitoids [11]. Hyperparasitoids use host-marking (=spacing) pheromones, sex pheromones [12], and host-detection cues [42], but they also show additional chemically mediated interactions with the other partners. These include detection of the primary host s secretions by the hyperparasitoid [43], detection of plant volatiles by the hyperparasitoid [44], and detection of the hyperparasitoid s secretions by the primary host [45] or by the secondary host. The latter causes the secondary host to avoid locations where the hyperparasitoid is foraging [46]. 

System 241. feeding of domestic animals, forage (XIV, XV) balanced essential trace element daily intake (XVI) domestic animals (XVII). The additions of requirement trace elements should be applied for forage in various biogeochemical provinces. 

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