For papermaking

FURNACES,ELECTRIC - INDUCHON FURNACES] (Vol 12) -photoconductivity [PHOTOCONDUCTIVE POLYMERS] (Vol 18) for papermaking [PAPER] (Vol 18)... 

Bell, L.A. Plant Fibers for Papermaking. Liliaceae Press McMinnville, OR, 1981. 

The evidence supports the hypothesis that thermomechanical pulping exploits the thermoplastic character of lignin to produce lignin-rich fiber-board fiber or holocellulose-rich refiner groundwood fiber for papermaking. 

Outside of the use of cellulose for papermaking, starch is the most widely used plant-derived carbohydrate for non-food uses. Around 60 million tonnes of raw starch are produced per year for food and non-food uses. The US accounts for most of the world s production, utilising starch from maize, which accounts for over 80% of world production. The starch market in the US is driven by the large isoglucose sweetener market and now increasingly by the growing bioethanol market, which uses maize as a fermentation feedstock. Europe derives most of its starch from wheat and potatoes, which account for 8% and 5% of world starch production, respectively. The other main source of starch is cassava (tapioca), produced in South East Asia. Small amounts of oat, barley and rice are also exploited for starch production. Many edible beans are also rich in starches, but are not commonly exploited for non-food uses. 

Although cationic com, tapioca, wheat and potato starches are the most common commercial products, preparations, properties and performance of cationic oat31 and pea32 starches have been reported. Improved retention performance via the use of a blend of cationic cereal (wheat, com) starch and cationic potato starch has been reported.33 Products for papermaking using all-amylopectin potato starch have been proposed.34-39... 

Further improvements in the retention of pigment in the paper and enhanced sheet formation are obtained when amphoteric starches are used. Phosphate groups have to be added to cationic cornstarch to produce amphoteric properties. Cationic potato starch has a natural source of anionic charge due to its phosphate content. In recent years, waxy com starches, which consist entirely of amylopectin, have been modified for use as cationic or amphoteric agents for papermaking and surface sizing. 

In Europe, approximately 69 million tons of oil was used as the raw material for the chemical industry in 2008 [1], The total oil demand in Europe was 703 million tons in that year [2], In contrast, only approximately 5% of all industry feedstock is of renewable origin [3], Most of this reflects direct use of natural products like cotton for textiles, wood pulp for papermaking, or different oils for special applications and for oleochemistry in general (detergents, lubricants, etc.) [3],... 

When increasing demands for papermaking fibers in the 19th century led to introduction of cellulose fibers from wood as a more abundant source, it became evident that the wood fibers did not possess all the qualities of cotton fibers. For many years, cotton was considered the first choice for fibers in the manufacture of permanent papers, whereas wood fibers were considered less suitable. It was observed that many papers (particularly book papers) of relatively recent manufacture deteriorated so rapidly as to be useless after no more than a few decades. 

The usual chemical evaluation of cellulose fibers, in their original state and following operations of purification and preparation for papermaking, includes several quality methods. The more important are (1) determination of solubility in alkaline solutions (2) the content of... 

The entity holding the fibers together, the middle lamella, is almost pure lignin (90%), as mentioned earlier. For the cellulose fibers to be separated, the middle lamella lignin must be chemically removed, a process that also removes most of the hemicelluloses, or must be mechanically degraded to free the fibers for papermaking. A paper sheet then... 

Preparation of the pulp (beating) for papermaking was performed according to TAPPI recommendations (46). Water from a reverse osmosis unit was used as the beating medium. Handsheets were prepared with the standard British handsheet machine, again using reverse osmosis water (47). 

When the bark is removed from a cord 128 ft (3.625 m ) of wood, about 120ft (3.5m ) of debarked solid wood is normally obtained, a yield of 90-95%. Larger logs can give larger yields of wood. The volume measure used by the pulp and paper industry is the cunit (c unit), meaning 100 ft (equivalent to 2.83 m ) of bark-free wood (i.e., the raw material suitable for papermaking). 

How do starch and cellulose differ stereochemically and functionally in the plant from one another, and why are these distinctions important in the utilization of cellulose rather than starch for papermaking ... 

There appears to be a general assumption, based on little evidence, that a tree suitable for pulping and papermaking will be unsuitable for timber, since softwood trees of very high density are unsuitable for papermaking. In the context of radiata pine, with its limited density range [italics added for emphasis], such arguments appear irrelevant. 

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