For oil blends

The first perspective concerns bleaching options for oil blends such as those supplied by refiners to margarine plants and shortening packing facilities. Such blends are made up of several components such as one or more hardstocks and one or more liquid oils that have to meet color and sensory specifications. This means that these blends will have been deodorized and previously undergone an adsorption treatment. Dijkstra pointed out the following possible ways that exist to arrive at a fully refined oil blend ... 

Generally, the recommended flow rate for palm-oil-based industrial margarines is approximately 60% of the nominal capacity of a scraped-surface heat exchanger process line for industrial margarine (27) for example, a scraped-surface heat exchanger with a nominal capacity of 3000 kg/h for oil blends based on oils such as soybean oil or cottonseed oil will, for oil blends based on pahn oil, have a capacity of approximately 1800 kg/h. 

Middle distillates are withdrawn and brought up to specification with separate processes, e.g., hydrodesulfurization. The heavy oil from the bottom of the crude unit can be used for oil blending or can be processed further in vacuum distillation units to recover a light distillate, used in blending diesel oils. 

Uses Emollient, solvent, lubricant, plasticizer, pigment wetting agent/dispersant for cleansers, tonic, fresheners, makeup, sunscreens, skin creams/lotions spreading agent for oil blends... 

Gasoline. The naphtha fraction from cmde oil distillation is ultimately used to make gasoline. The two streams are isolated early in the refining scheme so that each can be refined separately for optimum blending in order to achieve the required specifications (see Gasoline and other motor fuels). 

The increasing use of carbon-bonded and carbon-impregnated refractories is providing another growing market for refined tars. These vary from a soft pitch to a refined tar of as low as 30°C equiviscous temperature (EVT) (see Refractories). Liquid fuels were formerly important outlets for coal-tar, pitch—oil blends, and topped tar which could not be disposed of more profitably (79). However, as a result of reduced tar suppHes this usage has been phased out. 

Until the 1940s light oil obtained from the destmctive distillation of coal was the principal source of benzene. Except for part of the World War 11 period, the quantity of benzene produced by the coal carbonization industry was sufficient to supply the demand even when a large portion of benzene was used for gasoline blending. 

For more information on when to use mineral oil, see Applications Bulletin GENAPl, Are Oil Changes Needed for HCFC Blends Used by permission Bui. Gk525-043, 1998. AlliedSignal, Inc., Speciality Chemicals. 

Light cycle oil (LCO)—used as a pumparound stream, sometimes as absorption oil in the gas plant, and stripped as a product for diesel blending and... 

The techniques of paraffin removal and paraffin prevention have been reviewed [810]. In particular, inhibitors for paraffin deposits are copolymers of ethylene with vinylacetate [525-527,1597] or polymers from p-nonylphenyl methacrylate and p-dodecylphenyl methacrylate [773]. These materials lower the pour point of the oil. It has been shown that for oils which differ in the content of n-paraffins and asphalt-resinous substances, it is necessary to use blends of copolymers of different compositions and molecular weights to obtain optimal efficiency. Polyacrylamide and wastes from the production of glycerol with a concentration of 400 mg/liter of oil have also been claimed to be effective as paraffin inhibitors [536]. 

Ehase Inversion Temperatures It was possible to determine the Phase Inversion Temperature (PIT) for the system under study by reference to the conductivity/temperature profile obtained (Figure 2). Rapid declines were indicative of phase preference changes and mid-points were conveniently identified as the inversion point. The alkane series tended to yield PIT values within several degrees of each other but the estimation of the PIT for toluene occasionally proved difficult. Mole fraction mixing rules were employed to assist in the prediction of such PIT values. Toluene/decane blends were evaluated routinely for convenience, as shown in Figure 3. The construction of PIT/EACN profiles has yielded linear relationships, as did the mole fraction oil blends (Figures 4 and 5). The compilation and assessment of all experimental data enabled the significant parameters, attributable to such surfactant formulations, to be tabulated as in Table II. 

Liberated gasses are drawn off at the top of the tower with the naptha. The gas is recovered to manufacture refrigerated liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The naptha is condensed at a temperature of about 52 °C (125 °F). Part of the condensed naptha is normally returned to the top of the tower. The naptha product stream is split into light naptha for gasoline blending and heavy naptha for further reforming. Inside the tower, kerosene is withdrawn at a temperature of about 149 °C (300 °F). Diesel is withdrawn at a temperature of 260 °C (500 °F). These middle distillates are usually brought up to specification with respect to sulfur content with hydrodesulfurization. The heavy oil... 

The test article concentration is normally the highest nonirritating concentration. Several concentrations could be tested at the same time should one wish to establish a dose-response curve for induction. The test is easiest to perform if the vehicle is a standard nonirritating organic, such as acetone, ethanol, or dimethylformamide, or a solvent-olive oil blend. Until a laboratory develops its own historical control base, it is also preferable to include a positive control group. Either 0.25% dinitricholoro-benzene or 0.05% oxazalone are recommended for positive controls. If the vehicle for the positive control is different than the vehicle for the test material, then two vehicle control groups may be necessary. 

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