For energy storage

Convective heat transmission occurs within a fluid, and between a fluid and a surface, by virtue of relative movement of the fluid particles (that is, by mass transfer). Heat exchange between fluid particles in mixing and between fluid particles and a surface is by conduction. The overall rate of heat transfer in convection is, however, also dependent on the capacity of the fluid for energy storage and on its resistance to flow in mixing. The fluid properties which characterize convective heat transfer are thus thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity and dynamic viscosity. 

Thin-film solid electrolytes in the range of lpm have the advantage that the material which is inactive for energy storage is minimized and the resistance of the solid electrolyte film is drastically decreased for geometrical reasons. This allows the application of a large variety of solid electrolytes which exhibit quite poor ionic conductivity but high thermodynamic stability. The most important thin-film preparation methods for solid electrolytes are briefly summarized below. 

At present batteries worth more than 30 billion USD are produced every year and the demand is still increasing rapidly as more and more mobile electronic end electric devices ranging from mobile phones to electric vehicles are entering into our life. The various materials required to manufacture these batteries are mostly supplied by the chemical industry. Ten thousands of chemists, physicists and material scientists are focusing on the development of new materials for energy storage and conversion. As the performance of the battery system is in many cases a key issue deciding the market success of a cordless product there is in fact a kind of worldwide race for advanced batteries. 

Electrochemical properties of various transition metal oxides for energy storage... 

Phosphate condensation reactions play an essential role in metabolism. Recall from Section 14.6 that the conversion of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) requires an input of free energy ADP -I-H3 PO4 ATP +H2O AG° — +30.6kJ As also described in that section, ATP serves as a major biochemical energy source, releasing energy in the reverse, hydrolysis, reaction. The ease of interchanging O—H and O—P bonds probably accounts for the fact that nature chose a phosphate condensation/hydrolysis reaction for energy storage and transport. 

Julien, Ch., J. P. Pereira-Ramos, and A. Momchilov, New Trends in Intercalation Compounds for Energy Storage, Klnwer, New York, 2002. 

Close, D.J., and R.V. Dunkle, 1977. Use of adsorbent beds for energy storage in drying of heating systems, Solar Energy, 19, 233-238. 

The finely divided hydride produced by pyrolysis is pyrophoric in air, while synthesis from the elements produces a substantially air-stable product [1]. That prepared by reduction of butylmagnesium bromide with lithium tetrahydroalumi-nate is pyrophoric and reacts violently with water and other protic compounds [2], The hydride produced from magnesium anthracene has a very large specific surface area and is pyrophoric [3], In the context of use of the hydride for energy storage purposes, ignition and combustion behaviour of 100-400 g portions were studied, as well as the reaction with water [4],... 

These predictions correspond closely to the experimental observations and the mechanism suggested in the literature 74>. The conversion of furans to cyclopentenones is used industrially to obtain intermediates for the synthesis of insecticides, prostaglandins, perfumes, and compounds for energy storage 75 ... 

Conway BE, Birss V, Wojtowicz. The role and utilization of pseudocapacitance for energy storage by supercapacitors. J. Power Sources 1997 66 1-14. 

High-power lithium-ion batteries are promising alternatives to the nickel metal hydride batteries which are currently used for energy storage in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Currently, Li(Ni,Co)02-based materials are the most widely studied cathode materials for the high-power lithium-ion batteries [1-4]. Although Li(Ni,Co)02-based materials meet the initial power requirement for the HEY application, however, it has been reported that they... 

Hoover, W.R., Robinson, S.L., Stoltz, R.E., and Spingarm, J.R. Hydrogen Compatibility of Structural Materials for Energy Storage and Transmission Final Report, SAND81-8006, Livemore, CA, 1981. 

Andresen, A.F., and A.J. Maeland, Hydrides for energy storage, Proceedings of an International Symposium, Geilo, Pergamon Press, New York, August 14-19,1977. 

As described earlier in this book, the dendritic architecture is perhaps one of the most pervasive topologies observed at the macro and micro-dimensional length scales (i.e. jum-m). At the nanoscale (molecular) level there are relatively few natural examples of this architecture. Most notable are probably the glycogen and amylopectin hyperbranched structures that Nature uses for energy storage. 

FEILCHENFELD, H. and Sarig, S. Ind. Eng. Chem. Process. Prod. Res. Dev. 24 (1985) 130-133. Calcium chloride hexahydrate A phase-changing material for energy storage. 

EMRS 2003, Symposium C, Nanoscale materials for Energy Storage 2004,108, (1 -2), 51-53. 

---