Folded Plate

An example of folded plate technology are bellows-style collapsible plastic containers such as blow molded bottles that are foldable. The foldable shaped containers in contrast to that of the usual shaped botdes provides advantages and conveniences. Examples include reduced storage as the container s content is reduced, transportation volume and weight costs relate to the collapsed size, and disposal space prolonged product freshness by reducing oxidation and loss of carbon dioxide and provides extended life via continuous collapsing surface access to foods like mayonnaise and jams. 

As the engineering books explain, a beam is a bar or structural member subjected to transverse loads that tend to bend it. Any structural members act as a beam if external transverse forces induce bending. A simple beam is a horizontal member that rests on two supports at the ends of the beam. All parts between the supports have free movement in a vertical plane under the influence of vertical loads. 

There are fixed beams, constrained beams, or restrained beams rigidly fixed at both ends or rigidly fixed at one end and simply supported at the other. A continuous beam is a member resting on more than two supports. A cantilever beam is a member with one end projecting beyond the point of support, free to move in a vertical plane under the influence of vertical loads placed between the free end and the support. 

The neutral surface is that horizontal section between the concave and convex surfaces of a loaded beam, where there is no change in the length of the fibers and no tensile or compressive stresses acting upon them. The neutral axis is the trace of the neutral surface on any cross section of a beam. The elastic curve of a beam is the curve formed by the intersection of the neutral surface with the side of the beam, it being assumed that the longitudinal stresses on the fibers are within the elastic limit. 

The reactions, or upward pressures at the points of support, are computed by applying certain conditions necessary for equilibrium of a system of vertical forces in the same plane. They are the algebraic sum of all vertical forces that must equal zero that is, the sum of the reactions equals the sum of tlie downward loads. There is also tlie algebraic sum of the moments of all the vertical forces that equals zero. 

The methods of analysis and design presented for beams can be applied to the more-complex products such as folded plate structures, which range from bottles to roofing to 

The stresses in some folded structures can be determined with acceptable accuracy by applying elementary beam theory to the overall cross-sections of the plate assemblies. When assemblies are plates whose lengths are large relative to their cross-sectional dimensions (thin-wall beam sections, ribbed panels, and so on) and are in large plates 

There are also bellows-style collapsible plastic containers such as blow molded bottles (jars) that are foldable. As shown in Figs. 3-16 and 3-17, the technology of foldable 

Moving Portions — Outer Rest Position f--- Overcentering Point Inner Rest Position dl = (12 = d3 

After fabrication an initial collapsing of such a bottle should occur as soon as possible (no later than one to two hours after manufacture the sooner the better). Additional pressure is needed for this first-time collapse in order to create permanent fold rings and completely orient the plastic molecules (Chapter 8, PROCESSING AND PROP- 

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There are different techniques that have been used for over a century to increase the modulus of elasticity of plastics. Orientation or the use of fillers and/or reinforcements such as RPs can modify the plastic. There is also the popular and extensively used approach of using geometrical design shapes that makes the best use of materials to improve stiffness even though it has a low modulus. Structural shapes that are applicable to all materials include shells, sandwich structures, and folded plate structures (Fig. 3-8). These widely used shapes employed include other shapes such as dimple sheet surfaces. They improve the flexural stiffness in one or more directions. 

Quoted from Lavoisier, Oeuvres de Lavoisier, (Paris, 1862), II 525 in Maurice Crosland, "The Development of Chemistry in the Eighteenth Century," Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century 24 (1963) 369441, on 407. Included in the 1787 Nomenclature are six folding plates demonstrating a symbolic scheme for chemical representation devised by Hassenfratz and Adet. 

Recent developments in manufacturing technologies (laser welding) have allowed the manufacture of cost-effective recuperators based on the spiral concept (Figure 10) or the folded-plate recuperator (14-15). 

FIGURE 27. (A) Crystal structure (1VR3) of house mouse adreductone dioxygenase showing a cupin fold (Plate LI). (B) The active site showing a bound Ni(II) and two coordinated water molecules (red sphere, Plate LII)... 

The other parameter of lightweight paper to be considered is the porosity of the chosen paper. This is because many cartoning machines use a vacuum type of pickup for the leaflet no matter in what form it may be presented to the cartoning machine. Even so-called reel-fed leaflets have to be cut, picked and moved through folding plates up to the insertion point into the carton. For this reason both specification of paper porosity to air and pick tests (to keep down the amount of lint or dust) are sensible. 

The most likely mode of failure is assumed to be the folded plate mechanism. 

Instruction sur Vessai desmatihres d argent par la voie humidey la. 8°, 1832 (88 pp., 6 fold, plates). 

A Theory of Salts A Treatise on the Constitution of Bipolar Two Membered) Chemical Compoundsy by the late Charles Blachford Mansfield, ed. with preface by N.S.M. (M. H. Nevil Story Maskelyne), 1865 (53, 608 pp., 2 fold, plates). 

Lopez et al. [166] described the operation of their mesoscaled folded-plate reactor which was operated with water cooling in a cocurrent flow arrangement, with four stages of air addition (Figure 14.24). Their Au catalyst was operated well below 100°C at an O/CO ratio of 3. The CO could be reduced to values below 100 ppm and the reactor had 0.4-0.6 kW electric power equivalent. 

Figure 14.24 Cocurrently liquid-cooled folded-plate reactor for preferential oxidation [166],...

Lopez, E, Kolios, G, Eigenberger, G. Preferential Oxidation in a folded-plate reactor. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2007 62 5598-5601. 

J. (a) De attractionibus electivis disquisitio. Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Set. Upsaliensis, 177s, ii, 159-248 (50 tables in two sheets) extended in A, 1783, iii, 291—470 (59 tables). A preliminary account is given in H (pref. dated November 1774). (6) A Dissertation on Elective Attractions. By Torbern Bergmann [sic].. . . Translated from the Latin by the Translator of Spallanzani s Dissertations [T. Beddoes], 8°, London, 1785, xvi, 382 pp., i leaf emendata, i table of symbols, 7 folding plates (in which, it is said, some figures in the originals are corrected). 

II. Sammlung physikalischer und chymischer Abhandlungen. Erster Band (all publ.), Berlin, 1784,480 pp., 2 folding plates. 

H. Machines et Inventions approuvees par l Acad6mie Royale des Sciences, depuis 1666 jusqu en 1754. Avec leur description, 7 vols. 4°, Paris, 1735-77, with about 500 folding plates compiled by Gallon. 

Joseph Franz Edler von Jacquin (Schemnitz, 7 February 1766-Vienna, 4 December 1839), son of the above and nephew of Ingen Housz, professor of chemistry and botany in Vienna, was the author of a text-book with a folding plate showing a Woulfe s bottle, and a description of it. 

XI. The Doctrine of Phlogiston Established and that of the Composition of Water Refuted, 8°, Northumberland (U.S.A.), 1800 (xv, 90 pp., i leaf, folding plate of soda-water app.) 2 ed. with additions, and Observations on the Conversion of Iron into Steel, in a letter to Mr. Nicholson, 8 , Northumberland and Philadelphia, 1803. 

Lehrbuch der allgemeinen und medicinischcn Chemie, 2 vols., Vienna, 1793 tr. Stutzer, Elements of Chemistry, London, 1799 (folding plate) (Duveen, 307) see W. A. Campbell, Chem. andInd., igs7, 11B2. 

Versuch einer Schmelzkunst mit BeUtiUfe der Feuerluft, Strasbourg, 1786 tr. in 1787 with papers by Lavoisier and Laplace added as an appendix Ehrmann, Essai d un Art de Fusion d I Aide de I Air du Feu, ou Air Vital. Traduit de I Allemand par M. de Fontallard revu par VAuteur. Suivi des Memoires de Mr. Lavoisier. . . sur le mime sujet, 8°, Strasbourg Paris, 1787 (xxxii, 366 pp., i 1., 3 fold, plates). 

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